Barriers and opportunities in the fight against HIV in Latin America

HIV continues to represent a public health challenge in Latin America, where social, structural and psychological factors have hindered its prevention and treatment. Despite advances in the distribution of condoms and antiretroviral treatments, unequal access to health services and the persistence of social stigma have limited the effectiveness of these strategies. In 2024, men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be one of the most affected populations, accounting for 44% of new HIV cases in Latin American countries. Studies have shown that inconsistent condom use in this population is influenced by multiple factors. HIV risk perception remains low, largely due to misinformation and reliance on treatments such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), access to which remains limited in many regions. Lack of sexual assertiveness has also been an obstacle, as sociocultural norms prevent MSM from being able to negotiate condom use with their partners. In addition, sensation seeking and substance use have been identified as determinants of risky sexual decision making. To reduce HIV incidence in Latin America, it is essential to implement public policies that consider these factors. A comprehensive approach that includes comprehensive sexuality education, universal access to PrEP and awareness campaigns targeting key populations is required. Only through an inclusive and evidence-based strategy will it be possible to mitigate the impact of HIV in the region