Fundamentals and applications of research methodology: Approaches, phases and scientific validity

Introduction: The study of research methodology is essential to guarantee the quality and validity of scientific knowledge. The correct application of methodological principles allows structuring rigorous and reliable research, avoiding errors in the formulation of the problem, the selection of the approach and the interpretation of the results. Methods: A documentary review was carried out based on academic sources specializing in research methodology. Different methodological approaches, the phases of the research process and the importance of the theoretical framework were analyzed. Key texts were selected using criteria of relevance, timeliness and academic rigor. Results: Three predominant methodological approaches were identified: quantitative, qualitative and mixed, each with its advantages and limitations. In addition, the fundamental phases of the research process and the relevance of the theoretical framework in the validity of the study were established. Challenges were also evident in methodological training and in the integration of mixed approaches. Conclusions: Research methodology is an essential pillar in the generation of knowledge. The correct selection of the approach and the adequate theoretical foundation strengthen the validity of the studies. It is recommended to improve methodological training and explore new strategies to optimize investigative processes.