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Industrial Policy: Always Dismissed, Always Deployed

Author

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  • Hans-Helmut Kotz
  • Oliver Landmann

Abstract

Industrial policies are interventions by public authorities with the purpose of influencing the sectoral (or locational) structure of an economy. Authorities could have a multitude of objectives in mind. With the rising geopolitical tensions between the US and China, IP experienced a revival. Supply chain bottlenecks in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced this trend, as did the attack of Russia on the Ukraine. Mitigating the risks of dependence, gaining strategic autonomy, became a political priority (near-shoring, friend-shoring). However, while regularly dismissed, IP has always been deployed. Often in a defensive mode, to protect firms challenged by international competition. But also in a forward-looking manner, to support innovation, building on basic research and R&D, directing technological change. Externalities, creating a wedge between private and social values and leading to under provision of goods or over usage of resources, have been the standard justification for IP interventions. In addition, trade- and competition-related arguments are used to defend policy interventions of an allocative type (infant industries and steep learning curves, Airbus vs. Boeing). Redistributive versions of IP support regions left behind or industries in decline. National security (geopolitics) became again a major driver of IP (US CHIPS and Science Act). IP is implemented in a variety of national forms. Trans-Abstract: Industriepolitische Maßnahmen sind Eingriffe der öffentlichen Hand mit dem Ziel, die sektorale (oder standortbezogene) Struktur einer Wirtschaft zu beeinflussen. Die Behörden können dabei eine Vielzahl von Zielen verfolgen. Mit den zunehmenden geopolitischen Spannungen zwischen den USA und China erlebte die IP einen Aufschwung. Engpässe in den Lieferketten im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie verstärkten diesen Trend ebenso wie der Angriff Russlands auf die Ukraine. Die Abschwächung der Abhängigkeitsrisiken und die Erlangung strategischer Autonomie wurden zu einer politischen Priorität (‚nearshoring‘, ‚friendshoring‘). Auch wenn ihr Einsatz typischerweise abgelehnt wird, wurde immer wieder auf IP zurückgegriffen. Oft in defensiver Weise, um Unternehmen zu schützen, die durch den internationalen Wettbewerb herausgefordert wurden. Aber auch vorausschauend, um Innovationen zu fördern, aufbauend auf Grundlagenforschung und F&E, um den technologischen Wandel zu lenken. Externe Effekte, die einen Keil zwischen private und gesellschaftliche Werte treiben und zu einer Unterversorgung mit Gütern oder einer Überbeanspruchung von Ressourcen führen, waren die Standardbegründung für industriepolitische Eingriffe. Darüber hinaus wurden handels- und wettbewerbsbezogene Argumente verwendet, um politische Interventionen allokativer Art zu verteidigen (junge Industrien und steile Lernkurven, Airbus vs. Boeing). Umverteilungsversionen von IP unterstützen zurückgebliebene Regionen oder Industrien im Niedergang. Die nationale Sicherheit (Geopolitik) wurde in jüngster Zeit erneut zu einer wichtigen Triebkraft für geistiges Eigentum (US CHIPS und Science Act). IP wird in einer Vielzahl von nationalen Formen umgesetzt.

Suggested Citation

  • Hans-Helmut Kotz & Oliver Landmann, 2025. "Industrial Policy: Always Dismissed, Always Deployed," Vierteljahreshefte zur Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsforschung, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 2(1), pages 49-78.
  • Handle: RePEc:dah:aeqvaw:v2_y2025_i1_q1_p49-78
    DOI: 10.3790/vaw.2.1.49
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    H23; H56; L50; O10; O25;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • H56 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - National Security and War
    • L50 - Industrial Organization - - Regulation and Industrial Policy - - - General
    • O10 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - General
    • O25 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - Industrial Policy

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