Ethical Governance of Neurotechnologies in Latin America

Introduction The accelerated development of neurotechnologies has expanded the ability to record and interpret brain activity, but it has also generated ethical tensions linked to mental privacy, cognitive autonomy and inequity in access. In Latin America, these concerns are deepened by persistent regulatory gaps and uneven institutional capacities, which makes it difficult to guide the responsible deployment of technologies aimed at influencing, measuring, or modulating mental processes. Method A qualitative and exploratory review of 24 articles published in journals indexed in Scopus between 2008 and 2025 was carried out, applying the guidelines of the PRISMA model for the screening and selection of the final corpus. Priority was given to research related to neuroethics, governance, digital privacy and regulation of neurotechnologies. The references were systematized through an analysis matrix that organized the contributions into four dimensions: neurotechnological governance, neuroprivacy, emerging cognitive rights, and challenges for Latin America. Results The findings identify six thematic cores: democratic governance and legitimacy; brain health as an emerging right; cognitive surveillance risks derived from neurodata; opacity in digital privacy policies; persistent dilemmas in clinical confidentiality; and regulatory challenges for consumer neurotechnology devices. In a transversal way, there is evidence of weak regional articulation, dependence on external frameworks and absence of their own neuroprivacy standards. Conclusions The ethical governance of neurotechnologies in Latin America requires anticipatory frameworks, regional cooperation, and specialized capacity building, in order to balance innovation, social justice, and protection of mental integrity.