Environmental Risks in Mining Projects on Water Resource Contamination and Infrastructure Damage

This study examined the environmental risks associated with mining activities in Chingola, Zambia, with a focus on water contamination, infrastructure degradation, regulatory effectiveness, and community participation. A mixed-method cross-sectional design was employed, combining quantitative data from 385 residents and qualitative insights from key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data, with quantitative results analyzed using SPSS and qualitative findings analyzed through thematic analysis. Findings revealed that 66.5% (n=256) of respondents observed changes in water quality - including unusual taste, smell, and color - while 52.2% (n=201) reported stomach-related illnesses, 43.1% (n=166) reported skin infections, and 32.2% (n=124) experienced respiratory symptoms. Chi-square tests confirmed statistically significant associations between proximity to mining sites and water-related health effects (p = 0.012). On infrastructure, 71.7% (n=276) of participants reported road cracks and potholes, while 49.9% (n=192) noted bridge deterioration. Significant associations were found between residence proximity and infrastructure degradation (p = 0.021). Despite existing environmental laws, only 33.0% (n=127) of respondents believed they were effectively enforced, and fewer than 30% had seen corporate ecological efforts such as water treatment or waste management. Only 16.1% (n=62) reported active participation in environmental governance, though 80.3% (n=309) supported more vigorous enforcement, 70.4% (n=271) favored awareness campaigns, and 63.4% (n=244) advocated for improved corporate accountability. Qualitative data reinforced these findings, highlighting a weak regulatory presence, poor corporate compliance, and minimal community involvement in monitoring. The study concludes that mining activities in Chingola pose significant environmental and public health risks, exacerbated by weak enforcement, low civic engagement, and minimal corporate responsibility. Recommendations include strengthening institutional capacity, improving safe water infrastructure, rehabilitating damaged roads, and institutionalizing community monitoring and education mechanisms.