Consumption, Leisure, And Money

This paper takes a parametric approach to demand analysis and tests the weak separability assumptions that are often implicitly made in representative agent models of modern macroeconomics. The approach allows estimation and testing in a systems-of-equations context, using the minflex Laurent flexible functional form for the underlying utility function and relaxing the assumption of fixed consumer preferences by assuming Markov regime switching. We generate inference consistent with both theoretical and econometric regularity. We strongly reject weak separability of consumption and leisure from real money balances as well as weak separability of consumption from leisure and real money balances, meaning that the inclusion of a money in economic models would be of quantitative importance. We also investigate the substitutability/complementarity relationship among different categories of personal consumption expenditure (nondurables, durables, and services), leisure, and money. We find that the goods are net Morishima substitutes, but because of positive income effects they are gross complements. The implications for monetary policy are also briefly discussed.