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Produttività del lavoro, dinamica salariale e squilibri commerciali nei Paesi dell'Eurozona: un'analisi empirica

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  • Gaetano Perone

Abstract

L'obiettivo del paper è duplice. Da un lato proviamo a determinare se e in quale misura il trentennale processo di precarizzazione e di progressivo smantellamento dei diritti dei lavoratori nei Paesi dell'Eurozona abbia influito sul funzionamento del mercato del lavoro, e dall'altro cerchiamo di verificare se i cambiamenti di paradigma istituzionale - modificando gli indirizzi di politica economica - abbiano o meno favorito un ri-orientamento virtuoso dei modelli produttivi nazionali. Per pervenire a tale scopo, dividiamo l'elaborato in due sezioni: i) una prima parte di analisi descrittiva degli indici di protezione del lavoro e del rapporto fra salari, produttività e distribuzione del reddito nei Paesi dell'Eurozona, nel periodo 1980-2017; e ii) una seconda parte di analisi empirica sul ruolo svolto dalle istituzioni del lavoro sulla dinamica occupazionale e della produttività rispettivamente nel periodo 1990-2013 e 1999-2013, e sulla funzione svolta dai salari nel riassorbimento degli squilibri commerciali dei Paesi "periferici" dell'area nel periodo 2009-2015. L'indagine mostra come la riduzione trasversale delle tutele a favore del fattore lavoro non abbia generato alcun impatto certo e univoco sui livelli occupazionali; al contrario, essa ha condotto a un incremento della quota dei lavoratori precari e - compatibilmente con l'approccio Kaldoriano-Classico - a una perniciosa spirale di riduzione dei salari, della domanda aggregata e della produttività del lavoro, ponendo de facto seri limiti all'innovazione e alle ristrutturazioni tecnologiche. Infine, verifichiamo come il riequilibrio dei conti con l'estero dei Paesi "periferici" sia stato mediato, più che da una ritrovata competitività sui mercati internazionali, proprio dalle politiche di dumping salariale e di distruzione della domanda interna.

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  • Gaetano Perone, 2018. "Produttività del lavoro, dinamica salariale e squilibri commerciali nei Paesi dell'Eurozona: un'analisi empirica," Economia & lavoro, Carocci editore, issue 3, pages 61-98.
  • Handle: RePEc:caq:j950ix:doi:10.7384/92362:y:2018:i:3:p:61-98
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