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Education and expenditure inequality in Myanmar: An analysis with the 2006 and 2012 Household Income and Expenditure Survey in an urban and rural setting

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  • Aye Thu Zar Thein
  • Takahiro Akita

Abstract

Based on the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys in 2006 and 2012, this study analyses the roles of education in expenditure inequality in Myanmar using three inequality decomposition methods. Expenditure inequality was very high among ASEAN countries and much of the inequality was due to inequalities within urban and rural areas. Expansion of secondary education is important in urban areas, while primary education needs to be strengthened in rural areas to reduce expenditure disparity between the urban and rural sectors. Since expenditure inequalities between educational groups were small in both urban and rural areas, expenditure inequalities within educational groups need to be decreased to reduce overall expenditure inequality. The government needs to strengthen income‐redistribution policies and social security programmes, promote the formal sector, and enforce the minimum wage regulation to reduce expenditure inequality. Since older age groups tend to have larger expenditure inequalities in urban areas, the government needs to strengthen social safety net programmes and raise pension coverage in the urban private sector. Since a very high expenditure inequality existed among younger households in the urban tertiary educational group, the government may need to introduce policies that could promote linkages between industry and academia to remove a mismatch between the qualifications of university and college graduates and the needs of employers. Este estudio parte de las Encuestas de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares de 2006 y 2012 para analizar el papel de la educación en la desigualdad del gasto en Myanmar, para lo cual utiliza tres métodos de descomposición de la desigualdad. La desigualdad en el gasto es muy alta entre los países de la ASEAN y gran parte de la desigualdad se debe a las desigualdades dentro de las zonas urbanas y rurales. La expansión de la educación secundaria es importante en las zonas urbanas, mientras que la educación primaria debe reforzarse en las zonas rurales para reducir la disparidad del gasto entre los sectores urbano y rural. Dado que las desigualdades en el gasto entre los grupos educativos fueron pequeñas tanto en las zonas urbanas como en las rurales, es necesario reducir las desigualdades en el gasto dentro de los grupos educativos para disminuir en general la desigualdad del gasto. El gobierno debe fortalecer las políticas de ingresos‐redistribución y los programas de seguridad social, promover el sector formal y hacer cumplir la regulación del salario mínimo para reducir la desigualdad en el gasto. Dado que los grupos de mayor edad tienden a experimentar mayores desigualdades en el gasto en las zonas urbanas, el gobierno debe fortalecer los programas de redes de seguridad social y aumentar la cobertura de pensiones en el sector privado urbano. Dado que ya existía una gran desigualdad en el gasto entre los hogares más jóvenes del grupo de educación terciaria urbana, es posible que el gobierno tenga que introducir políticas que promuevan los vínculos entre la industria y el sector académico para eliminar el desajuste entre las cualificaciones de los graduados universitarios y las necesidades de los empleadores. 2006年と2012年のHousehold Income and Expenditure Surveys (家計収支調査)に基づき、本稿では、不平等度の要因分解の3つの方法を用いて、ミャンマーの消費の不平等における教育の役割を分析する。ASEAN諸国では消費の不平等度が非常に高く、そのほとんどは都市部と農村部の内部における不平等によるものである。都市部では中等教育の拡大が重要であるが、農村部では、都市部と農村部のセクター間の消費格差を縮めるために、初等教育を強化する必要がある。都市部と農村部のいずれにおいても学歴集団間の消費不平等が小さかったため、消費不平等を全体的に縮小させるには学歴集団内での不平等を縮める必要がある。政府は、消費不平等を縮小するには、所得再分配の政策と社会保障プログラムを強化し、フォーマルセクターを促進し、最低賃金の規定を実施する必要がある。都市部では高齢者集団間の消費不平等が大きくなる傾向があるため、政府は、社会的セーフティネットプログラムを強化し、都市部の民間セクターの年金保障額を引き上げる必要がある。都市部の第3教育の学歴集団では、若年世帯間で消費の不平等度が非常に高いため、政府は、雇用主のニーズと大学卒業の資格とのミスマッチを解消するために、産業と大学の繋がりを強化する政策の導入が必要となる可能性がある。

Suggested Citation

  • Aye Thu Zar Thein & Takahiro Akita, 2019. "Education and expenditure inequality in Myanmar: An analysis with the 2006 and 2012 Household Income and Expenditure Survey in an urban and rural setting," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(1), pages 55-70, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:11:y:2019:i:1:p:55-70
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12188
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    Cited by:

    1. Ping Zhang & Weiwei Li & Kaixu Zhao & Sidong Zhao, 2021. "Spatial Pattern and Driving Mechanism of Urban–Rural Income Gap in Gansu Province of China," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-29, September.
    2. Xia, Yin-Shuang & Sun, Lu-Xuan & Feng, Chao, 2022. "What causes spatial inequalities of low-carbon development in China's transport sector? A newly proposed meta-frontier DEA-based decomposition approach," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).

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