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Automatic Product Classification in International Trade: Machine Learning and Large Language Models

Author

Listed:
  • Ignacio Marra de Artiñano
  • Franco Riottini Depetris
  • Christian Volpe Martincus

Abstract

Accurate product classification is crucial in international trade. In this study, we apply and assess several algorithms to automatically classify agricultural and food products based on text descriptions sourced from different public agencies, including customs authorities and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We find that while traditional machine learning (ML) models tend to perform well within the dataset on which they are trained, their precision drops dramatically when applied to external datasets. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) show a consistently strong performance across all datasets. The top performing LLMs—Claude 3.5 Sonnet and GPT‐4—achieve accuracy rates of approximately 80% at classifying products into 6‐digit Harmonized System (HS) categories and above 90% for HS 2‐digit Chapters. Our analysis highlights the valuable role that artificial intelligence can play in facilitating product classification at scale and, more generally, in enhancing the categorization of unstructured data.

Suggested Citation

  • Ignacio Marra de Artiñano & Franco Riottini Depetris & Christian Volpe Martincus, 2026. "Automatic Product Classification in International Trade: Machine Learning and Large Language Models," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(1), pages 3-19, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:reviec:v:34:y:2026:i:1:p:3-19
    DOI: 10.1111/roie.70009
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    JEL classification:

    • F10 - International Economics - - Trade - - - General
    • C55 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
    • C81 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access
    • C88 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - Other Computer Software

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