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Falsificationism and Fallibilism as Epistemic Foundations of Economics: A Critical View

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  • ANDREA SALANTI

Abstract

A new awareness of the major issues in the contemporary philosophy of science is one of the most remarkable features of current debates on economic methodology. Under the prevailing influence of POPPER'S writings, for example, it has been repeatedly maintained that POPPERian falsificationism ought to be regarded as the proper methodological framework for the appraisal of economic theories. More recently, it has also been argued we should see POPPERian fallibilism as the right epistemological perspective for approaching the problem of agents' behaviour in economic theory. This paper suggests that both such perspectives are doomed to failure: the former because of the heuristic nature of most economic theories, the latter for having overlooked the sharp contrast between ‘practical’ and ‘scientific’ rationality which is so typical of POPPERian epistemology. As often the case when methodology is concerned, criticism is easier than the provision of a sound alternative. We suggest, however, that a fallibilist economist and a falsificationist economic man could do economics a much better service than vice versa. Ein Hauptmerkmal der aktuellen Diskussion über Methoden in den Wirtschaftswis‐senschaften liegt in der verstärkten Berücksichtigung zentraler Fragen der modernen Wissenschaftstheorie. Der Einfluss der POPPERschen Konzeption lässt sich auf zwei verschiedenen Ebenen erkennen. Zum einen hat man vorgeschlagen, sein Falsifika‐tionsmodell als methodologischen Rahmen zur Überprüfung von verschiedenen ökonomischen Theorien zu verwenden. Zum anderen will man neuerdings in seinem Fallibilismus die methodologische Perspektive erkennen, in der das Verhalten des homo oeconomicus betrachtet werden müsste. Im Artikel wird die These vertreten, dass beide Ansätze verfehlt sind: der erste wegen der heuristischen Natur eines Grossteils der ökonomischen Theorie, der zweite, weil er die Unterscheidung zwi‐schen «praktischer» und «wissenschaftlicher» Rationalität vernachlässigt, die der POPPERschen Lehre zugrunde liegt. Wie so oft, wenn es um Fragen der Methodik geht, ist es nicht leicht, eine allseits befriedigende Lösung vorzuschlagen. Immerhin lässt sich sagen, dass Wirtschaftstheoretiker, die sich der eigenen Fallibilität ebenso bewusst sind wie der Tatsache, dass die ökonomischen Subjekte nach dem Modell von «Vermutung und Widerlegung» vorgehen, dem Fortschritt der Disziplin einen nütz‐licheren Dienst erweisen können, als es umgekehrt der Fall wäre. L'une des caractéristiques principales du débat actuel sur la méthodologie en économie politique est représentée par la prise de conscience des résultats les plus importants obtenus dans la philosophie de la science. Par exemple, sous l'influence des óuvres de POPPER, l'on a souvent maintenu que le falsificationnisme de POPPER devrait êre considéré comme le juste contexte méthodologique pour apprécier la validité des théories économiques. Récemment, l'on a suggéré que le fallibilisme Powmien devrait être considéré en tant que juste perspective épistémologique pour l'examen du comportement de l'homo oeconomicus. Dans cet article, nous soutenons que les deux approches ne sont pas reliables: la premiere à cause de la nature heuristique de la plus grande part des théories économiques; la dernière à cause de I'oubli de la difference entre rationalité«pratique» et «scientifique» que l'on retrouve dans l'épistérnologie de POPPER. Comme dans la plupart des cas où l'on considére des questions de méthodologie, il n'est malheureusement pas possible de formuler des solutions définitives. Toutefois il nous semble pouvoir suggérer qu'un économiste fallibiliste et un falsificationniste homo oeconomicus devraient rendre de meilleurs services à la science économique que vice versa.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrea Salanti, 1987. "Falsificationism and Fallibilism as Epistemic Foundations of Economics: A Critical View," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3), pages 368-392, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:40:y:1987:i:3:p:368-392
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00686.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Andrea Salanti, 1994. "On the Lakatosian apple of discord in the history and methodology of economics," Finnish Economic Papers, Finnish Economic Association, vol. 7(1), pages 30-41, Spring.
    2. D. Wade Hands, 1990. "Thirteen theses on progress in economic methodology," Finnish Economic Papers, Finnish Economic Association, vol. 3(1), pages 72-76, Spring.
    3. S. Zamagni, 1994. "Economia e filosofia," Working Papers 184, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna.

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