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Radical Religion and the Habitus of the Dispossessed: Does Islamic Militancy Have an Urban Ecology?

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  • ASEF BAYAT

Abstract

There is a commonplace but powerful argument that links the religious resurgence in the Muslim world to the urban ecology of overcrowded slums in the large cities. Poverty and precarious life, together with anomie and lawlessness, condition the dispossessed to embrace ideologies and movements that offer communities of salvation and support while preaching radical politics. This article questions the premises of such arguments in an attempt to nuance the relationship between the urban dispossessed and radical Islam. By examining the politics of slums and militant Islamism in the Middle East, notably Egypt and Iran, I suggest that key to the habitus of the dispossessed is not anomie or extremism but ‘informal life’— one that is characterized by flexibility, pragmatism, negotiation, as well as constant struggle for survival and self‐development. The relationship between the urban dispossessed and radical Islamists tends to be both contingent and instrumental. Résumé On rencontre communément une thèse convaincante qui relie le renouveau religieux du monde musulman à l'écologie urbaine des quartiers pauvres et surpeuplés des grandes villes. Pauvreté et précarité, associées à anomie et non‐droit, poussent les déshérités à rallier des idéologies ou mouvements qui proposent des communautés de salut et de soutien tout en prêchant des politiques radicales. Cet article revient sur les postulats utilisés et tente de nuancer le lien entre exclus urbains et Islam radical. En étudiant les politiques des quartiers pauvres et l'islamisme militant au Moyen‐Orient, notamment en Egypte et Iran, il suggère que la clé de l'habitus des déshérités ne tient ni à l'anomie ni à l'extrémisme mais à une existence ‘hors cadres’– dominée par la flexibilité, le pragmatisme et la négociation, autant que par une lutte permanente pour la survie et le développement personnel. Finalement, la relation entre exclus urbains et islamistes radicaux paraît à la fois plutôt contingente et instrumentale.

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  • Asef Bayat, 2007. "Radical Religion and the Habitus of the Dispossessed: Does Islamic Militancy Have an Urban Ecology?," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(3), pages 579-590, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:31:y:2007:i:3:p:579-590
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00746.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Khadija Alsarhi & Rahma & Mariëlle J. L. Prevoo & Lenneke R. A. Alink & Judi Mesman, 2019. "Maternal Harsh Physical Parenting and Behavioral Problems in Children in Religious Families in Yemen," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-15, April.
    2. Min Zhang & Weiping Wu & Weijing Zhong, 2018. "Agency and social construction of space under top-down planning: Resettled rural residents in China," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 55(7), pages 1541-1560, May.
    3. Mustafa Kemal Bayırbağ & Mehmet Penpecioğlu, 2017. "Urban crisis: ‘Limits to governance of alienation’," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 54(9), pages 2056-2071, July.
    4. Tom Goodfellow, 2018. "Seeing Political Settlements through the City: A Framework for Comparative Analysis of Urban Transformation," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 49(1), pages 199-222, January.
    5. Deen Sharp, 2022. "Haphazard urbanisation: Urban informality, politics and power in Egypt," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 59(4), pages 734-749, March.
    6. M. Joseph Sirgy & Richard J. Estes & Don R. Rahtz, 2018. "Combatting Jihadist Terrorism: A Quality-of-Life Perspective," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 13(4), pages 813-837, December.
    7. Stephan Lanz & Martijn Oosterbaan, 2016. "Entrepreneurial Religion in the Age of Neoliberal Urbanism," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3), pages 487-506, May.

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