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‘The basic assumptions as regards the nature and requirements of a capital city’ identity, modernization and urban form at Mafikeng’s margins

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  • Peris Sean Jones

Abstract

With their acute spatial dislocation and racial polarization, South African cities have always offered a great deal of interest for the specialist and non‐specialist alike. Arguably, however, this racial ‘uniqueness’ has in fact burdened and restricted analysis of these cities. Alternative insights are needed to fill out the wider picture of urban diversity in South Africa, particularly variants of the apartheid city within the neglected bantustan periphery. For almost twenty years Mmabatho was the capital of the nominally independent bantustan, Bophuthatswana. This capital was distinctive for being both newly planned and, as the regime intended, also an affirmation of ethnic identity. The article therefore argues that in accounting for Mmabatho’s urban form and its landscape of exclusion and inequality, the competing motivations underpinning its creation should be assessed. The two major motivations involved the planned modernism by consultants and the drive for modernization by the regime itself. Both favored ‘top‐down’ practices centered upon adapting the specificity of Tswana culture to the apparent universalism implicit to modernization. The cultural and political motives of the regime, coupled with the aesthetic functions defined by the architects and planners, reflected the ambiguities implicit in modernizing the urban landscape. Bophuthatswana’s experience can provide powerful insights into the contradictions of the apartheid project itself; a project which celebrated ethnicity and culture, yet, at the same time, insisted upon modernizing the less developed (and by implication racially and developmentally inferior) bantustan periphery. Bophuthatswana’s ‘nation‐building’ therefore failed to transcend the universalism implicit in modernist practices. This failure was most visible in the developmental bias towards Mmabatho and the conspicuous inequality between this city and its peri‐urban environs. The efforts to create enabling strategies and more democratic planning approaches could perhaps benefit from reflecting upon such ambiguity. Avec leurs bouleversements spatiaux intenses et leur polarisation raciale, les villes sud‐africaines ont toujours présenté beaucoup d’intérêt pour les spécialistes et pour les non‐spécialistes. Il est possible que ce caractère racial unique ait en fait encombré et restreint les analyses de ces villes. Des visions différentes sont nécessaires si l’on veut peindre un tableau plus complet de la diversité urbaine en Afrique du Sud, en particulier des variantes des villes apartheids dans la périphérie bantoue négligée. Pendant presque vingt ans, Mmabatho fut la capitale du pays bantou nominalement indépendant, Bophuthatswana. Cette capitale était particulière parce qu’elle était nouvellement planifiée et, comme le voulait le régime, elle était aussi une affirmation d’identité ethnique. Pour expliquer les formes urbaines et le paysage d’exclusion et d’inégalité de Mmabatho, les motifs différents qui soutiennent sa création doivent être explorés. Les deux principles raisons impliquent le modernisme planifié par les experts et la poussée vers la modernisation par le régime. Tous deux préfèrent les pratiques ’de haut en bas’ concentrées sur l’adaptation des caractéristiques de la culture tswana à l’universalisme apparent implicite dans la modernisation. Les motifs culturels et politiques du régime, associés aux fonctions esthétiques définies par les architectes et planificateurs, reflètent les ambiguités implicites dans la modernisation des paysages urbains. L’expérience de Bophuthatswana fournit des aperçus importants sur les contradictions du projet d’apartheid; un projet qui célébrait l’ethnicité et la culture et qui cependant, en même temps, voulait moderniser la périphérie bantoue la moins développée (et par implication inférieure en termes de race et de développement). La ’construction de la nation’ de Bophuthatswana n’a donc pas pu surpasser l’universalisme implicite des pratiques modernes. Cet échec fut particulièrement visible dans le biais de développement en faveur de Mmabatho et dans l’inégalité flagrante entre cette ville et ses environs péri‐urbains. Les efforts pour créér des strate ??gies et des approches de planification plus démocratiques pourraient peut‐être bénéficier de réflexion sur une telle ambiguité.

Suggested Citation

  • Peris Sean Jones, 2000. "‘The basic assumptions as regards the nature and requirements of a capital city’ identity, modernization and urban form at Mafikeng’s margins," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(1), pages 25-51, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:24:y:2000:i:1:p:25-51
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.t01-1-00234
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    Cited by:

    1. Munyati, C. & Drummond, J.H., 2020. "Loss of urban green spaces in Mafikeng, South Africa," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 19(C).
    2. Daniel Hammett, 2014. "Expressing ‘Nationhood’ under Conditions of Constrained Sovereignty: Postage Stamp Iconography of the Bantustans," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 46(4), pages 901-919, April.

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