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The long‐term unemployed, informal economic activity and the ‘underclass’ in Belfast: rejecting or reinstating the work ethic

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  • Madeleine Leonard

Abstract

The notion of an ‘underclass’ existing outside the realm of mainstream society continues to hold sway among journalists and policy‐makers. While there are many new contenders for inclusion among the underclass, one of the most enduring group of participants is the long‐term unemployed. Work‐shy individuals, seemingly content to live on welfare benefits, are regarded as placing themselves outside the boundaries of mainstream economic and social life and passing a host of negative characteristics on to their children. The possibility that some of this group might defraud the welfare benefit system through working while claiming benefits adds further weight to negative images about the characteristics of ‘underclass’ members. The aim of this paper is to challenge some of these common assumptions by examining the ways in which unemployed people in an economically depressed locality in West Belfast relied on informal economic activity to help meet their material needs. Such activity has implications for the underclass debate because, rather than demonstrating commitment to some alternative set of values, informal economic activity drew participants into the wider economy and demonstrated adherence to mainstream values. Moreover, often the debate on social security abuse focuses on the supply side of the issue and is remarkably silent about the demand side of the equation. ‘Doing‐the‐double’ (working while claiming benefits) was not simply an individual response to unemployment and inadequate welfare benefits but was linked to changes in the labour needs of employers in the wider economy. L’idée d’une ‘classe d’exclus’ qui existerait en dehors de la société principale continue à régner parmi les journalistes et les politiciens. Quoiqu’il y ait de nombreux nouveaux candidats à l’inclusion dans la classe d’exclus, les chômeurs de longue durée sont un des groupes de participants les plus persistants. Les individus qui se refusent à travailler, apparemment satisfaits de vivre sur les allocations de la sécurité sociale, sont estimés se placer d’eux‐mêmes à l’extérieur des frontières de la vie sociale et économique principale et de transmettre de nombreuses caractéristiques négatives à leurs enfants. La possibilité qu’une partie de ce groupe escroque le système d’allocations en travaillant tout en touchant des indemnités donne davantage d’importance aux images négatives des caractéristiques des membres de la ‘classe d‘exclus’. Le but de cet article est de disputer certaines de ces suppositions habituelles en examinant comment les gens sans travail dépendent des activités économiques officieuses pour subvenir à leurs besoins matériels dans une région de Belfast touchée par la crise économique. De telles activités ont des implications pour le débat concernant la classe d’exclus car, plutôt que de montrer un engagement dans un système alternatif de principes, les activités économiques officieuses poussent les participants dans l’économie générale et démontrent qu’il y a adhésion aux principes de la société en général. De plus, le débat sur les abus de la sécurité sociale est souvent centré sur l’économie de l’offre et garde le silence quant au côté demande du problème. ‘Faire‐le‐double’ (travailler tout en touchant des allocations) n’était pas simplement une réponse individuelle au chômage et aux allocations insuffisantes mais était lié aux changements des besoins de main d’oeuvre des employeurs dans l’économie en général.

Suggested Citation

  • Madeleine Leonard, 1998. "The long‐term unemployed, informal economic activity and the ‘underclass’ in Belfast: rejecting or reinstating the work ethic," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(1), pages 42-59, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:22:y:1998:i:1:p:42-59
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00122
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    Cited by:

    1. Jorg Ploger, 2008. "Case Study 5: Belfast's Gasworks Employment Matching Service," CASE Reports casereport54, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, LSE.
    2. Ploger, Jorg, 2007. "Belfast city report," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 3626, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    3. Jorg Ploger, 2007. "Belfast City Report," CASE Reports casereport44, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, LSE.
    4. Ploger, Jorg, 2008. "Case study 5: Belfast's gasworks employment matching service," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 20265, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.

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