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Assessing Alternative Options for a More Sustainability‐focused CAP

Author

Listed:
  • Uwe Latacz‐Lohmann
  • Nicolas Lampkin
  • Christine Krämer
  • Frank Offerman
  • Norbert Röder

Abstract

This paper attempts to bring together the threads from the various articles in the Special Issue and draw overarching conclusions. It does so by classifying the policy models according to specific design criteria in order to highlight similarities, differences and special features. It then discusses the merits and challenges of the design features in the presented models. Results‐based schemes harness farmers’ self‐interest and increase ‘buy‐in’ but involve the risk for famers of low payments. Hybrid schemes, combining action‐ and results‐based payments, can be a suitable remedy, as are payments based on modelled (rather than measured) results. Point systems, besides having a motivational effect on farmers, facilitate the targeting of policies to regional circumstances and are particularly well suited for communicating the societal benefits achieved. Thresholds that must be achieved to trigger payment can nudge farmers to improve their environmental performance, but are not entirely incentive‐compatible. A bonus for diversity of measures at farm level can encourage innovation and engagement, but can also make the uptake of measures less predictable. These ideas can all contribute to an enhanced focus on rewarding farmers for the actual delivery of environmental outcomes, consistent with the public money for public goods ethos. However, the policy models for a fundamental re‐orientation of the CAP presented appear to only have limited compatibility with the EU Commission’s proposal for the next CAP reform. Cet article s’efforce de synthétiser la trame des différents articles de ce numéro spécial et d’en tirer des conclusions générales. Pour ce faire, il classe les modèles de politiques publiques selon des critères de conception spécifiques afin de mettre en évidence leurs similitudes, leurs différences et leurs particularités. Il examine ensuite les avantages et les limites des caractéristiques de conception des modèles présentés. Les systèmes de rémunération au résultat tirent parti de l’intérêt personnel des agriculteurs et renforcent leur adhésion, mais les exposent au risque de faibles paiements. Les systèmes hybrides, combinant rémunération à l’action et rémunération au résultat, peuvent constituer une solution adaptée, tout comme les paiements fondés sur des résultats modélisés (plutôt que mesurés). Les systèmes de points, outre leur effet motivant sur les agriculteurs, facilitent l’adaptation des politiques aux réalités régionales et sont particulièrement efficaces pour communiquer les bénéfices sociétaux obtenus. Les seuils à atteindre pour déclencher le paiement peuvent inciter les agriculteurs à améliorer leurs performances environnementales, mais ne sont pas entièrement compatibles avec les incitations. Une prime pour la diversité des mesures mises en œuvre au niveau de l’exploitation peut encourager l’innovation et l’engagement, mais peut aussi rendre l’adoption des mesures moins prévisible. Toutes ces idées peuvent contribuer à une meilleure appréciation des résultats environnementaux obtenus par les agriculteurs, conformément au principe « des fonds publics pour des biens publics ». Cependant, les modèles de politiques présentés pour une réorientation fondamentale de la Politique agricole commune (PAC) semblent n’être que partiellement compatibles avec la proposition de la Commission européenne pour la prochaine réforme de la PAC. Dieser Beitrag führt die Fäden aus den verschiedenen Artikeln dieser Sonderausgabe zusammen und leitet übergreifende Schlussfolgerungen ab. Dazu werden die Politikmodelle nach bestimmten Gestaltungskriterien klassifiziert, um Gemeinsamkeiten, Unterschiede und Besonderheiten herauszuarbeiten. Anschließend werden die Vorzüge und Herausforderungen der Gestaltungsmerkmale der vorgestellten Modelle erörtert. Ergebnisorientierte Modelle sprechen das Eigeninteresse der Landwirte an und erhöhen die Akzeptanz, bergen jedoch das Risiko, dass die Landwirte nur geringe Zahlungen erhalten. Hybride Modelle, die handlungs‐ und ergebnisbasierte Zahlungen miteinander kombinieren, können ebenso wie Zahlungen auf der Grundlage modellierter (anstatt gemessener) Ergebnisse dieses Risiko reduzieren. Punktbasierte Politikmodelle wirken motivierend auf die Landwirte und erleichtern die Ausrichtung der Politik auf regionale Gegebenheiten. Sie eignen sich darüber hinaus besonders gut, um den gesellschaftlichen Nutzen der Maßnahmen zu kommunizieren. Schwellenwerte, die erreicht werden müssen, um Zahlungen auszulösen, können Landwirte dazu anregen, ihre Umweltleistung zu verbessern, sind jedoch nicht vollkommen anreizkompatibel. Ein Bonus für Maßnahmenvielfalt auf Betriebsebene kann Innovation und Engagement fördern, aber auch die Umsetzung der Maßnahmen aus Sicht der Verwaltung weniger vorhersehbar machen. All diese Ideen können dazu beitragen, den Fokus stärker auf die Bezahlung von Landwirten für die tatsächliche Erzielung von Umweltleistungen zu legen, im Einklang mit dem Grundsatz „öffentliche Gelder für öffentliche Güter”. Die vorgestellten Politikmodelle für eine grundlegende Neuausrichtung der GAP scheinen jedoch nur begrenzt mit den Plänen der EU‐Kommission vereinbar zu sein.

Suggested Citation

  • Uwe Latacz‐Lohmann & Nicolas Lampkin & Christine Krämer & Frank Offerman & Norbert Röder, 2025. "Assessing Alternative Options for a More Sustainability‐focused CAP," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 24(3), pages 60-67, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:24:y:2025:i:3:p:60-67
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692x.70019
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bartkowski, Bartosz & Droste, Nils & Ließ, Mareike & Sidemo-Holm, William & Weller, Ulrich & Brady, Mark V., 2021. "Payments by modelled results: A novel design for agri-environmental schemes," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    2. Jennifer Dodsworth & Katrin Prager & James Moran & Stephen Chaplin & Sven Defrijn, 2025. "Making Results‐based Payments Work across Europe: Balancing Trust, Monitoring and Farmer Acceptability," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 24(3), pages 51-59, December.
    3. Anina Gilgen & Stefan Mann, 2025. "The Swiss Pursuit of Environmental Sustainability in Farming," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 24(3), pages 35-40, December.
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