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Making Results‐based Payments Work across Europe: Balancing Trust, Monitoring and Farmer Acceptability

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  • Jennifer Dodsworth
  • Katrin Prager
  • James Moran
  • Stephen Chaplin
  • Sven Defrijn

Abstract

Paying for the results of agri‐environmental measures, rather than paying for prescribed management practices (action‐based), has become an attractive design option to enhance scheme effectiveness and uptake by farmers. There is a wide range of approaches to integrating results‐based elements, with so‐called hybrid options featuring base payments or action‐based payments, to ensure they work within the respective institutional settings and environmental context of different countries, facilitating upscaling. To assist decision makers, this article presents experiences from Ireland, England and Flanders (Belgium). In the Irish example, results‐based elements have been combined with financial support for specific ‘action‐based’ interventions (one‐off capital investments termed supporting actions) to improve the assessment score to achieve better results‐based payments in future. In England, the main results‐based scheme was supplemented by a minimum management contract, following farmer feedback, to alleviate the risk of no payment. In Flanders, the results‐based version of a grassland pilot has now been integrated into the national scheme and is seeing higher rates of uptake than the purely action‐based measures. Scorecard design is crucial, as it determines the complexity of monitoring and reporting in contract design, while payment levels determine the strength of the incentives for farmer's management decisions and mitigating risk perception. La rémunération des résultats des mesures agroenvironnementales (paiement au résultat), plutôt que celle des pratiques agricoles prescrites (paiement à l’action), est devenue une option intéressante pour améliorer l'efficacité des programmes et leur acceptation par les agriculteurs. Il existe une grande variété d'approches pour intégrer des éléments de rémunération au résultat, notamment des options hybrides combinant paiements de base et paiements au résultat, afin de garantir leur adaptation aux contextes institutionnels et environnementaux propres à chaque pays et de faciliter leur mise à l'échelle. Pour aider les décideurs, cet article présente des expériences en Irlande, en Angleterre et en Flandre (Belgique). En Irlande, des éléments axés sur les résultats ont été associés à un soutien financier pour des interventions ciblées (investissements ponctuels appelés actions de soutien) afin d'améliorer le score d'évaluation et d'obtenir de meilleurs paiements au résultat à l'avenir. En Angleterre, le principal dispositif axé sur les résultats a été complété par un contrat de gestion minimal, suite aux retours des agriculteurs, afin d'atténuer le risque de non‐paiement. En Flandre, la version axée sur les résultats d'un projet pilote de gestion des prairies a été intégrée au dispositif national et enregistre des taux d'adoption plus élevés que les mesures purement axées sur l'action. La conception du tableau de bord est cruciale, car elle détermine la complexité du suivi et du reporting dans la conception du contrat, tandis que le niveau des paiements détermine la force des incitations pour les décisions de gestion des agriculteurs et la réduction de la perception du risque. Die Bezahlung für die Ergebnisse von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen anstelle einer Bezahlung für vorgeschriebene Bewirtschaftungspraktiken (aktionsbasiert) ist zu einer attraktiven Gestaltungsoption geworden, um die Wirksamkeit der Programme und deren Akzeptanz in der Landwirtschaft zu verbessern. Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Ansätzen zur Integration ergebnisorientierter Elemente, darunter sogenannte Hybridoptionen mit Basis‐ oder aktionsbasierten Zahlungen. Auf diese Weise kann sichergestellt werden, dass sie innerhalb der jeweiligen institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und des ökologischen Kontexts der verschiedenen Länder funktionieren und gut ausgeweitet werden können. Um Entscheidungsträgern zu helfen, werden im vorliegenden Artikel Erfahrungen aus Irland, England und Flandern (Belgien) vorgestellt. Im irischen Beispiel wurden ergebnisorientierte Elemente mit finanzieller Unterstützung für bestimmte „aktionsbasierte “Maßnahmen (einmalige Kapitalinvestitionen, die als unterstützende Maßnahmen bezeichnet werden) kombiniert, um die Bewertungsergebnisse zu verbessern und in Zukunft effektivere ergebnisorientierte Zahlungen zu erzielen. In England wurde das wichtigste ergebnisorientierte System auf Wunsch der Landwirtinnen und Landwirten durch einen Mindestbewirtschaftungsvertrag ergänzt, damit das Risiko einer Nichtzahlung minimiert wird. In Flandern wurde die ergebnisorientierte Version eines Grünland‐Pilotprojekts nun in das nationale System integriert und verzeichnet eine höhere Akzeptanz als die rein handlungsbasierten Maßnahmen. Die Gestaltung der Bewertungskriterien ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, da sie die Komplexität der Überwachung und Berichterstattung bei der Vertragsgestaltung bestimmt. Dagegen beeinflusst die Höhe der Zahlungen den Anreiz für bestimmte Bewirtschaftungsentscheidungen der Landwirtinnen und Landwirte und die Minderung der Risikowahrnehmung.

Suggested Citation

  • Jennifer Dodsworth & Katrin Prager & James Moran & Stephen Chaplin & Sven Defrijn, 2025. "Making Results‐based Payments Work across Europe: Balancing Trust, Monitoring and Farmer Acceptability," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 24(3), pages 51-59, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:24:y:2025:i:3:p:51-59
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692x.70014
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    1. Bredemeier, Birte & Herrmann, Sylvia & Sattler, Claudia & Prager, Katrin & van Bussel, Lenny G.J. & Rex, Julia, 2022. "Insights into innovative contract design to improve the integration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural management," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    2. Chaplin, S.P. & Mills, J. & Chiswell, H., 2021. "Developing payment-by-results approaches for agri-environment schemes: Experience from an arable trial in England," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    3. Herzon, I. & Birge, T. & Allen, B. & Povellato, A. & Vanni, F. & Hart, K. & Radley, G. & Tucker, G. & Keenleyside, C. & Oppermann, R. & Underwood, E. & Poux, X. & Beaufoy, G. & Pražan, J., 2018. "Time to look for evidence: Results-based approach to biodiversity conservation on farmland in Europe," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 347-354.
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    1. Uwe Latacz‐Lohmann & Nicolas Lampkin & Christine Krämer & Frank Offerman & Norbert Röder, 2025. "Assessing Alternative Options for a More Sustainability‐focused CAP," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 24(3), pages 60-67, December.

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