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What is the financial position of French SMEs and ISEs following the 2022-2025 interest rate cycle?
[Quelle est la situation financière des PME et des ETI françaises à l’issue du cycle de taux d’intérêt 2022-2025 ?]

Author

Listed:
  • Benjamin Bureau
  • Valentin Georges

Abstract

Cette étude mobilise 1,5 million de liasses fiscales 2025 pour éclairer la situation financière des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et des entreprises de taille intermédiaire (ETI) françaises. Malgré des situations individuelles hétérogènes, les PME et ETI conservaient, à fin 2025, des fondamentaux robustes, avec notamment des taux de marge élevés, un endettement maîtrisé et une trésorerie toujours solide. Cependant, l’activité des PME et des ETI a progressé lentement pour la deuxième année consécutive, et leur capacité de remboursement, telle que mesurée par la cotation Banque de France, s’est dégradée. Par ailleurs, les taux d’intérêt effectivement supportés par les entreprises, sur l’ensemble de leur stock de dette, se sont ajustés plus lentement pour les PME que pour les ETI, de sorte qu’en moyenne le coût apparent de la dette des PME a continué d’augmenter légèrement en 2025, tandis que celui des ETI diminuait nettement. This study draws on 1.5 million 2025 tax returns to shed light on the financial position of French small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and intermediate sized enterprises (ISEs). The fundamentals of SMEs and ISEs remained robust at the end of 2025 – despite positions varying widely at an individual level – notably with high profit shares, well controlled debt levels and continued strong cash positions. However, SME and ISE activity grew slowly for the second year running, and their repayment capacity, based on Banque de France ratings, deteriorated. Furthermore, the interest rates actually incurred by firms on their overall outstanding debt adjusted more slowly for SMEs than for ISEs, with the result that the apparent cost of debt of SMEs continued to rise slightly in 2025 on average, while that of ISEs fell sharply

Suggested Citation

  • Benjamin Bureau & Valentin Georges, 2026. "What is the financial position of French SMEs and ISEs following the 2022-2025 interest rate cycle? [Quelle est la situation financière des PME et des ETI françaises à l’issue du cycle de taux d’intérêt 2022-2025 ?]," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 265.
  • Handle: RePEc:bfr:bullbf:2026:265:03
    as

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    File URL: https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2026-08/826008_265-3_SMEs-ISEs_EN_web.pdf
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    File URL: https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2026-08/BDF265-3_PME-ETI_web2_0.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Benjamin Bureau, 2025. "La situation financière des PME et des ETI en 2024 : face à des perspectives incertaines, des fondamentaux plutôt robustes," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 259.
    2. Enzo Buthiot & Louis Charlot & Anne Duquerroy & Mathias Lé, 2024. "Companies’ cash position: understanding the gap between aggregated data and perceptions [Trésorerie des entreprises : comprendre l'écart entre données agrégées et perceptions]," Eco Notepad 375, Banque de France.
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