Challenges and Emerging Strategies of Federalism on Socio-Economic Development in Eastern Kenya (1960–2022)

This study examines the historical trajectory of federalism in Kenya and its socio-economic implications in Eastern Region between 1960 and 2022, emphasizing both challenges and the emergent strategies used to overcome them. Using qualitative methods including archival research, interviews, focus group discussions, and observations the research analyzed governance and development across Eastern Region counties. Findings show that while devolution improved local participation, access to resources and targeted service delivery, it faces persistent obstacles such as elite capture, fiscal dependency, central interference and ethnic favoritism. Counties have responded through strengthened local revenue collection, participatory forums, community monitoring groups and inter-county collaborations. Applying Marxist theory reveals structural power imbalances shaping governance outcomes, while the Great Man theory illustrates the role of visionary or exclusionary leaders in shaping success or failure. Strengthening fiscal autonomy, capacity building and inclusive governance are vital for enhancing devolution’s socio-economic benefits.