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An Implementation of Conjugate Gradient Methods for Estimating the Unemployment Rate in Melaka

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  • Nurul Hajar

    (Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Industri dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia.)

  • Low Jing Ning

    (Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia)

  • Nur Syarafina Mohamed

    (Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia)

  • Che Ku Nuraini Che Ku Mohd

    (Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia.)

  • Mohd Syafiq Abd Aziz

    (Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia.)

Abstract

 Unemployment in Malaysia, driven by factors such as inflation, wages, economic growth, and education, remains a significant socioeconomic issue. Accurate estimation of the unemployment rate can assist in formulating effective policies to address this challenge. This study aims to evaluate the performance of four recent Conjugate Gradient (CG) method which are Classical, Hybrid, Three-term, and Spectral for solving unconstrained optimization problems. Ten standard test functions with random initial points were solved using MATLAB under exact line search to compare the methods based on the number of iterations (NOI) and central processing unit (CPU) time. The Hybrid Spectral LAMR (HSLAMR) method showed the best overall performance. To assess practical applicability, a dataset of unemployment rates in Melaka (2006–2017) was modeled as a linear optimization problem. The Least Square HSLAMR method was compared with standard Least Squares and Excel Trend Line methods. Results showed that the Least Square HSLAMR model achieved the lowest relative error (0.04767672938) for estimating the 2017 unemployment rate, making it the most accurate approach among those tested.

Suggested Citation

  • Nurul Hajar & Low Jing Ning & Nur Syarafina Mohamed & Che Ku Nuraini Che Ku Mohd & Mohd Syafiq Abd Aziz, 2025. "An Implementation of Conjugate Gradient Methods for Estimating the Unemployment Rate in Melaka," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 9(9), pages 6391-6401, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:9:y:2025:issue-9:p:6391-6401
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