Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology in Learning Malay Language Literacy Skills among Students

This concept paper examines the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing Malay language literacy education, with a particular focus on reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. Literacy remains a pressing issue in Malaysia, especially in rural schools where students continue to struggle with foundational skills despite government initiatives. Drawing on past and recent studies, the paper highlights that AI technologies—particularly Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)—offer opportunities to create personalized, adaptive, and engaging learning experiences. Research indicates that AI applications can provide real-time feedback, support vocabulary and grammar development, and enable autonomous practice in pronunciation and listening. These affordances make AI an important complement to traditional pedagogy, especially in contexts where teachers face constraints in time, resources, or training. However, the adoption of AI in literacy education also faces several challenges. Infrastructural limitations, such as poor internet connectivity and lack of devices in rural areas, remain major barriers. Teacher readiness is another critical factor, as many educators lack training in digital pedagogy and confidence in applying AI tools. In addition, the linguistic complexity of Malay—its morphology, affixation, and dialectal diversity—complicates the use of global AI tools that are primarily designed for English or Mandarin. Ethical concerns, including data privacy and algorithmic bias, further underscore the need for responsible AI integration. The paper proposes solutions such as developing localized Malay NLP and ASR systems, expanding teacher professional development, and investing in infrastructure to ensure equitable access. It concludes that AI, if localized and carefully implemented, has the potential to reduce literacy gaps and contribute to Malaysia’s broader educational goals.