Reforming Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services in Nigeria: A Strategic Review for Sustainable Agricultural Development

Agricultural extension and advisory services (AEAS) are fundamental to fostering sustainable agricultural development, enhancing farmer productivity, and improving rural livelihoods in Nigeria. This article comprehensively reviews the historical evolution of Nigeria’s AEAS, highlighting distinct eras marked by varying approaches and institutional arrangements. It identifies key actors involved in AEAS delivery, including public agencies, farmer organizations, NGOs, the private sector, and research institutions. The study analyzes persistent challenges such as policy gaps, weak coordination, inadequate funding, staffing shortages, marginalization of vulnerable groups, and underutilization of ICTs. Drawing from global best practices and local experiences, it proposes strategic reforms emphasizing legislated policy frameworks, sustainable financing, pluralistic and demand-driven service models, strengthened research-extension linkages, and inclusive outreach to women and youth. These reforms aim to reposition Nigeria’s AEAS as a dynamic, responsive system that supports agricultural innovation and inclusive economic growth.