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Exploring Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Competencies: Insights from Employers of BS Entrepreneurship Graduates

Author

Listed:
  • Armie C. Sabugo

    (Business Administration Department, Mariano Marcos State University)

  • Mediah Perle F. Layaoen

    (Business Administration Department, Mariano Marcos State University)

Abstract

Entrepreneurship education plays a vital role in equipping graduates with the competencies needed to succeed in business creation and management. This study examined employer feedback on the importance and performance of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) among Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship graduates, with a particular focus on gender differences. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 30 employers—managers, supervisors, and senior staff—who had direct supervisory experience with BS Entrepreneurship graduates. A validated questionnaire was used to assess the perceived importance and extent of performance of ten PECs, including opportunity seeking, risk-taking, commitment to the work contract, and self-confidence. Findings revealed that most graduates were employed in well-established organizations, particularly in the construction and education sectors, and had been in their positions for less than five years. Employers perceived differences between male and female graduates in both the importance and performance of entrepreneurial competencies. Male graduates were generally viewed as exhibiting higher levels of entrepreneurial behavior, particularly in risk-taking, self-confidence, and networking, while female graduates were noted for their strong commitment and reliability in fulfilling work responsibilities. Results indicated significant gender-based variations in employer perceptions, suggesting that societal expectations and workplace norms may influence how entrepreneurial traits are recognized and valued. Male graduates tended to be associated with assertiveness and leadership, whereas female graduates were often perceived as dependable and team-oriented. The study underscores the importance of promoting gender-inclusive approaches in entrepreneurship education to ensure equitable recognition of competencies across genders. It recommends integrating experiential learning opportunities that allow all students to develop leadership, decision-making, and innovation skills. Strengthening partnerships between universities and employers can further align expectations, ensuring that graduates—regardless of gender—are assessed and developed based on their actual entrepreneurial capabilities rather than perceived stereotypes.

Suggested Citation

  • Armie C. Sabugo & Mediah Perle F. Layaoen, 2025. "Exploring Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Competencies: Insights from Employers of BS Entrepreneurship Graduates," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 9(9), pages 4962-4974, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:9:y:2025:issue-9:p:4962-4974
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alina Gerke & Patrizia Ianiro-Dahm & Peter Muck & Nale Lehmann-Willenbrock & Benedikt Hell, 2023. "How Do Female Entrepreneurs Differ From Male Entrepreneurs? Distinguishing Personality Traits Throughout the Entrepreneurial Journey," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 32(3), pages 525-552, November.
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    4. Maria Minniti & Wim Naudé, 2010. "Introduction: What Do We Know About The Patterns and Determinants of Female Entrepreneurship Across Countries?," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 22(3), pages 277-293, July.
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