Comparing Economic and Environmental Returns of Sustainability Against Mass Tourism Product Strategies in Nigeria

This study examines the comparative economic and environmental returns of sustainable versus mass tourism product strategies in Nigeria, a country seeking to diversify its oil-dependent economy through tourism. While mass tourism dominates Nigeria’s landscape driven by large-scale events and infrastructure projects that yield quick financial returns it often results in substantial environmental degradation, resource overuse, and cultural commodification. Conversely, sustainable tourism emphasizes long-term economic resilience, environmental stewardship, and community involvement. Drawing on case studies and data from major destinations such as Lagos, Calabar, Obudu, and Erin Ijesha, the study reveals that although mass tourism projects generate higher short-term revenues and jobs, they also incur high environmental and social costs. In contrast, sustainable tourism initiatives, though slower to scale, demonstrate stronger local revenue retention, ecological conservation, and stable employment. Sustainable practices such as eco-lodges, community-based tourism, and heritage trails also align with global trends and offer Nigeria a competitive advantage in the post-COVID tourism economy. The study concludes that a hybrid policy approach is essential: regulating mass tourism’s externalities while scaling sustainable models through policy incentives, capacity-building, and green certifications. It provides evidence-based recommendations to guide national tourism strategies towards inclusive growth, environmental sustainability, and international relevance.