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An Exploration of Types of Online Group Presence Using Connectivism Theory

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  • Ahmad Khudzairi Khalid

    (Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor Kampus Pasir Gudang, 81750 Masai Johor, Malaysia)

  • Zahari Abu Bakar

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor Kampus Pasir Gudang, 81750 Masai Johor, Malaysia)

  • Siti Nurul’Ain Hj Zaiton

    (Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor Kampus Pasir Gudang, 81750 Masai Johor, Malaysia)

  • Zarith Sofiah Othman

    (Centre for Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Azmirul Ashaari

    (Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia)

  • Dwi Asri Siti Ambarwati

    (Department of Management, University of Lampung, Jln. Prof. Soemantri Brojonegoro no. 1, rajabasa, Bandar Lampung, lampung, Indonesia, 35145)

Abstract

This research investigates the autonomy, connectedness, diversity, and openness of online group work in the context of Connectivism, a networked learning theory focused on digital environments. A quantitative survey of 286 Malaysian and Indonesian university learners was carried out with a 23-item Likert-scale questionnaire adapted from Aderibigbe (2021) covering teaching presence (diversity/openness), cognitive presence (autonomy), and social presence (connectedness). Results indicated strong perceptions of teaching presence (highest mean = 4.4) for its clarity and direction, whereas autonomy was variable (mean = 3.0–4.0), with difficulty in initiating discussion. Connectedness (mean = 2.8–3.9) indicated good collaboration but low emotional awareness. Moderate correlations (r = 0.39–0.44) among all constructs highlighted their interdependence, which supports Connectivism's principles. The research recommends pedagogical strategies to support autonomy, facilitate emotional engagement, and capitalize on teaching presence for inclusive online collaboration, contributing to the ongoing discussion on digital learning frameworks.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmad Khudzairi Khalid & Zahari Abu Bakar & Siti Nurul’Ain Hj Zaiton & Zarith Sofiah Othman & Azmirul Ashaari & Dwi Asri Siti Ambarwati, 2025. "An Exploration of Types of Online Group Presence Using Connectivism Theory," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 9(8), pages 7328-7341, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:9:y:2025:issue-8:p:7328-7341
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shqipe Husaj, 2015. "Connectivism and Connective Learning," Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Richtmann Publishing Ltd, vol. 4, April.
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