Assessing Climate Change Elements Affecting Coastal Housing Infrastructure in Ayetoro, Ondo State, Nigeria (2012-2022)

Over the past decade, the coastal community of Ayetoro in Ondo State, Nigeria, has increasingly faced threats from climate change, including rising sea levels, flooding, and coastal erosion, which have significantly impacted local housing. This study investigates the climate change factors affecting residential buildings in Ayetoro from 2012 to 2022. Utilising satellite imagery analysis, field observations, and interviews with long-term residents, the research documents both the physical damage to homes and the experiences of those affected. Data were collected using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire divided into three sections, comprising 27 items with a Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient of 0.878. The following hypotheses were tested: 1. No significant difference exists in climate-related impacts, such as increased indoor temperatures, across building foundations in Ayetoro from 2012 to 2022. 2. No significant difference exists in vulnerability to permanent flooding between building locations (dry land vs. swampy land) in Ayetoro from 2012 to 2022. 3. No significant difference exists in vulnerability to climate-related impacts, such as soil erosion from increased rainfall, across different building ages in Ayetoro from 2012 to 2022. The study employed a mixed-methods, cross-sectional, and inferential design, achieving a 92.9% response rate with a non-response rate of 7.1%. Analyses were conducted using counts, simple percentages, bar charts, pie charts, funnel charts, cross-tabulations, t-tests, analysis of variance, chi-square tests, relative risk, and relative effectiveness indices, utilising the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. The findings reveal significant differences in housing resilience based on foundation type and location, with swampy areas and plank foundations being more susceptible to vulnerability. Strategies such as temporary relocation and raising floors were identified by respondents as the most effective. The study highlights a consistent pattern of structural decline, particularly in low-lying and poorly constructed buildings, alongside a lack of sustained intervention or adaptive policy. It underscores the environmental risks and socio-economic pressures that hinder effective adaptation. In conclusion, the study calls for the urgent implementation of climate-resilient building standards and localised support strategies to safeguard the remaining housing stock and enhance long-term community resilience.