Exploring Learning Challenges Faced by Learners with Autism in Special Schools in Laikipia County, Kenya

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. In Kenya, autism has emerged as a growing concern among school-aged children, particularly in special education contexts. This study explored the learning challenges experienced by learners with autism in special schools across Laikipia County. An exploratory research design was adopted to allow in-depth investigation of contextual and systemic issues affecting these learners. A stratified simple random sampling technique was used to select 291 participants from a target population of 1,205. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires, interview schedules, and document analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 for quantitative aspects and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Findings revealed that educational facilities in special schools were largely inadequate and not fully suited to the unique needs of learners with autism. Furthermore, many teachers lacked sufficient training and experience in handling autistic learners, leading to compromised instructional quality. The study recommended that the government and stakeholders prioritize the development of specialized infrastructure, provision of appropriate learning materials, and comprehensive training for educators. Additionally, increased community awareness and parental support were identified as critical to improving outcomes for children with autism. The findings of this study have implications for educational planning and policy, offering valuable insights for addressing existing gaps in the management and support of autistic learners within Kenya’s special education system.