Constructive Alignment as a Framework for Enhancing Motivation and Higher-Order Thinking in Science Classrooms: A Systematic Synthesis

Constructive alignment (CA) offers a coherent approach to linking intended learning outcomes, pedagogy and assessment in science education, with potential to strengthen students’ higher-order thinking skills (HOTS), motivation and achievement. This systematic literature review synthesizes research published between 2000 and 2025 in Scopus and Web of Science. Following PRISMA procedures, 42 articles met inclusion criteria and were analysed thematically to map trends in CA application across science education, with particular attention to secondary contexts. Three core themes emerged: (1) pedagogical strategies that align inquiry-based, student-centred and collaborative learning with explicit outcomes; (2) curriculum frameworks that embed HOTS and scientific literacy to ensure outcome–activity coherence; and (3) authentic assessment practices (formative, performance-based and context-rich) that reinforce motivation and meaningful learning. Evidence indicates that CA can reliably bridge curriculum intentions with classroom practices, improving the validity of tasks and the depth of student learning. However, persistent challenges include limited teacher readiness, misalignment between curriculum standards and assessment demands, and a shortage of validated instruments to evaluate alignment quality and its effects. The review recommends sustained professional development in CA design, development and validation of multi-dimensional measurement tools, and integration of CA principles into policy and curriculum reforms. Overall, adopting CA as a guiding framework particularly in secondary science can enhance HOTS, motivation and learning quality within and beyond Malaysia.