Implementation Strategies and Institutional Challenges of China's Basic Education Policy

China's basic education reforms, following national plans such as the 2010-2020 National Plan and the Education Modernization 2035 strategy, have effectively increased access to education and created a system that focuses on both quality and fairness. However, this organized literature review shows a big difference between what policies intend to do and how they are actually carried out at the local level. The study says that although approaches like fiscal equalization and teacher rotation make sense, they don't work well because there are deep-seated problems within the system. These include a culture that focuses too much on exams, which stops new teaching methods from being used, not enough rewards for teachers, and the harmful side effects of policies like closing down schools in rural areas. Ongoing problems such as the hukou system and the digital divide make inequality worse. The study says that to be successful in the future, we need to go beyond just creating policies. We should focus on building stronger local abilities, making sure everyone's goals match, and using methods that fit the specific situation to ensure fair results for all.