Civil and Political Rights: Foundation, Development and Challenges in Indonesia

Civil and political rights are central issues, so their development continues to receive attention both at the national and international levels, this can be seen in several human rights documents, both international documents such as international human rights covenants and national human rights documents. The problem is what is the foundation, development and challenges of human rights, especially civil and political rights. Answering human rights issues is done analytically using a normative research model with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The research results explain that in principle every democratic country contains guarantees for human rights including civil and political rights in its constitution. However, everything really depends on political will to provide space for the existence, protection and fulfillment of these civil and political rights. At this level, efforts are needed to prevent acts of oppression or restrictions on the civil and political rights of every citizen in that country. The struggle to enforce civil and political rights began long before these rights were guaranteed in the International Covenant, which was then guaranteed and regulated in more detail in several international covenants and further regulated in the constitutions of countries, including constitutional guarantees in the 1945 Constitution.