Validity and Reliability of the A Safety Management Questionnaire Instrument in Schools

This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of a questionnaire instrument on the safety management of co-curricular activities in schools. The study adopted a quantitative approach employing a survey research design. The instrument development process was carried out based on the instrument construction procedures proposed by Morrow et al. (1995). The questionnaire instrument was developed based on three principal constructs, namely environmental factors, equipment factors, and student factors. A pilot study was conducted in the Kota Belud district, Sabah, involving eight daily secondary schools, with a total of 150 teachers selected through simple random sampling techniques. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. To determine construct validity, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was conducted. The results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test indicated a value of r=.826, while Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity demonstrated a significant value of p=.001. The Total Variance Explained analysis revealed that three principal constructs were successfully established, accounting for a cumulative variance of 79.285%. The questionnaire instrument consisted of 35 items comprising 13 environmental factor items, 11 equipment factor items, and 11 student factor items. The Rotated Component Matrix analysis showed that all items achieved factor loadings exceeding .50 and were therefore retained in the final instrument. Furthermore, the language validity value obtained was r=.91, while the content validity value was r=.92. The reliability findings revealed that the Cronbach’s Alpha values for environmental factors, equipment factors, and student factors were r=.97, r=.96, and r=.97 respectively, with an overall instrument reliability value of r=.98. Overall, the findings indicate that the developed questionnaire instrument possesses a very high level of validity and reliability and is suitable for measuring the safety management of co-curricular activities in schools.