A Comprehensive Review of SDG 16: Research Progress and Implementation Gaps in Peace and Justice

The study assessed methods, implementation strategies, and outcomes in observational research on SDG 16, which promotes peace, justice, and strong institutions. Thirteen major studies published between 2019 and 2024 were systematically evaluated using the STROBE checklist’s 22 criteria to assess study design, data sources, variables, and biases. The included studies systematic reviews, mixed-methods, case studies, and policy analyses focused on developing and conflict-affected regions, examining implementation efficacy, barriers, and outcomes across core SDG 16 components. Findings showed that 60-70% of developing nations experience corruption and resource constraints, while only 40% demonstrate adequate justice metrics. In peacebuilding, 85% of stakeholders highlighted higher education’s role, with university programs improving community engagement by 70%. However, 75-80% of studies identified resource and institutional capacity as major challenges. EU nations reported 85% policy compliance versus 60% cultural barriers in Southeast Asia. Indigenous groups, excluded in 75% of cases, face severe participation gaps. Technology shows potential 80% of AI projects enhance monitoring, though 65% face data quality issues. Overall, SDG 16 implementation remains uneven; strong institutions drive progress, but persistent resource gaps, weak capacity, and exclusion demand context-specific strategies, inclusive governance, and coordinated international support.