Civil–Military Coordination in CBRN Response: A WOGOS Approach for ASEAN Resilience

The evolving security landscape in Southeast Asia has elevated Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats as a critical challenge to regional stability and resilience. These threats, which include pandemics, industrial accidents and the potential misuse of hazardous materials, have demonstrated significant impacts on public health, national security and economic systems across ASEAN member states. This study aims to examine the role of civil–military coordination (CIMIC) in enhancing preparedness and response to CBRN threats within the ASEAN context. It further explores the application of a Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Society (WOGOS) approach in strengthening both national and regional resilience. A qualitative research design was employed, utilising document analysis of policy frameworks, academic literature and regional reports related to CBRN response and civil–military coordination. The study identifies key components of effective CIMIC, including information sharing, interoperability, communication strategies and joint training exercises. Findings indicate that while ASEAN has established foundational platforms such as defence cooperation mechanisms and emergency response frameworks, significant challenges remain. These include institutional barriers, lack of standardised protocols, communication gaps and disparities in resources and capabilities among member states. The study also highlights the importance of integrating military capabilities with civilian expertise to achieve unity of effort and optimise resource utilisation during complex emergencies. The WOGOS approach is identified as a critical enabler of resilience by promoting inclusive participation and shared responsibility across sectors. In addition, case evidence from Malaysia demonstrates the effectiveness of coordinated civil–military mechanisms in managing health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, strengthening CIMIC and adopting a comprehensive WOGOS framework are essential for enhancing ASEAN’s readiness and resilience against CBRN threats. The study recommends the development of a regional CBRN coordination framework, increased investment in capacity building and the adoption of advanced technologies to improve early warning and response systems.