Application of Differentiated Instruction in the Teaching and Learning Process: A Systematic Review Towards a Proposed How-To-Guide

Differentiated Instruction (DI) is globally recognized as essential for inclusive education, yet its application in resource-constrained contexts like the Philippines remains uneven. This study, conducted at Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College – Cervantes Campus, developed a practical guide to clarify misconceptions, highlight effective strategies, and support teachers in diverse classrooms. Using a systematic review of local and international literature, results were categorized into utilization, effects, and challenges. Evidence showed DI improves engagement, motivation, autonomy, and performance through diagnostic assessment, flexible grouping, and varied strategies. However, barriers such as overcrowded classrooms, limited resources, rigid curricula, and inadequate teacher preparation hinder consistent practice. The study concludes that DI is both a philosophy and a tool for equity, but sustainability requires stronger policy-practice alignment. Embedding DI in teacher education, providing contextualized resources for underserved schools, and fostering administrative and community support. A proposed HOW-TO-GUIDE on DI serves as a practical resource to bridge policy aspirations with classroom realities under the K to 12program.