Media, Hate Speech, and National Cohesion in Nigeria: An Empirical Study of Media Discourse and Security Implications (2018–2025)

Hate speech has become a persistent feature of Nigeria’s media environment, particularly within digital and political communication spaces. This study empirically examines how hate speech is produced, framed, and disseminated through Nigerian media and analyses its implications for national unity and security between 2018 and 2025. Anchored on media framing and agenda- setting theories, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach relying on secondary quantitative media-monitoring data and qualitative discourse analysis of selected media texts. Findings reveal a consistent rise in hate speech during election cycles and conflict-related reporting, with social media and online news platforms serving as major amplification channels. The results further indicate a strong association between media hate speech narratives and increased incidents of communal violence, political tension, and security threats. Weak regulatory enforcement and politicization of media institutions limit the effectiveness of existing responses. The study concludes that unchecked media hate speech undermines national cohesion and security and recommends stronger media regulation, ethical journalism enforcement, and sustained digital media literacy initiatives.