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Pregnancy-Related Factors Associated with Female Officers’ Career Progression in the Zambia Army

Author

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  • Simson Mwale

    (Copperbelt University)

  • Rosemary Chilufya

    (Copperbelt University)

  • Colonel Emmanuel Sithole

    (Copperbelt University)

Abstract

Background: Many armed forces have improved opportunities for female officers, but significant barriers remain, especially regarding pregnancy and motherhood. Pregnancy, maternity leave, and childcare responsibilities may interrupt female officers’ career trajectories during critical phases of training, evaluation, and promotion. Objectives: This study examined the influence of pregnancy-related factors such as childbearing, age at first birth, and number of children on the career progression of female commissioned officers in the Zambia Army. Methods: Data from 118 officers were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression.

Suggested Citation

  • Simson Mwale & Rosemary Chilufya & Colonel Emmanuel Sithole, 2026. "Pregnancy-Related Factors Associated with Female Officers’ Career Progression in the Zambia Army," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 10(2), pages 669-681, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:10:y:2026:i:2:p:669-681
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