Reviewing Agricultural Challenges and Solutions for Empowering Smallholders in the Middle East

Smallholder agriculture is vital in rural livelihoods, managing up to 75% of the world’s agricultural land. However, in the Middle East, smallholder farmers face complex interrelated challenges, most notably climate change, water and irrigation, and economic pressures. These factors mutually exacerbate and increase the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, reducing productivity, yield stability, and lack of access to nutritious food, especially for vulnerable groups. Previous research has focused on individual challenges and region-specific data, leaving little room for comprehensive insights into the interactions between these factors. This study aims to analyse the interrelated challenges faced by smallholder farmers in the Middle East, quantify their impact on food security and livelihoods, and propose sustainable strategies to improve agricultural resilience and sustainability. The method used was a systematic review, following relevant guidelines such as PRISMA to ensure a transparent and rigorous process. The results showed that Iran and Saudi Arabia contributed the largest data. The main challenges are low irrigation system efficiency, rising input costs, and limited access to agricultural innovations. These challenges impact five livelihood assets: human, physical, social, financial, and natural, collectively affecting food security. The analysis shows the need for collaboration between the agriculture and technology sectors, including using AI-based applications and hardware to improve production efficiency, manage water, and reduce costs. Recommendations include integrating government policies, field practices, and new technologies as key to better food security, and training farmers in utilizing agricultural innovations for sustainable livelihoods in the region.