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Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence from the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria

Author

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  • Philipp Ager
  • Casper W. Hansen
  • Peter Z. Lin

Abstract

We examine the impact of the free supply of diphtheria antitoxin, the first effective medical treatment for an infectious disease, on the historical health transition in Massachusetts. Using newly collected municipality-level data on the distribution of antitoxin and information from over 1.5 million death certificates from 1880 to 1914, we find that the rapid availability of antitoxin treatment significantly increased life expectancy at young ages. Our findings suggest that medicine, combined with an effective public health policy, played a more important role in improving life expectancy in the early twentieth century than previously thought.

Suggested Citation

  • Philipp Ager & Casper W. Hansen & Peter Z. Lin, 2026. "Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence from the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 18(2), pages 441-476, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:aea:aejpol:v:18:y:2026:i:2:p:441-76
    DOI: 10.1257/pol.20240087
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • H75 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • N31 - Economic History - - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy - - - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

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