Analyzing the Contribution of Transportation in Formation of Smog in District Lahore, Pakistan

Introduction:Globally, smog has become a growing environmental issue, largely due to rising pollution from both anthropogenic and natural sources. In Lahore, a densely populated city in Pakistan, this problem is intensified by rapid urbanization, transportation emissions, and activities related to industry and agriculture.Novelty:This research highlights these factors as primary contributors to smog and utilizes a quantitative approach to evaluate their impacts, particularly focusing on the role of transportation in smog formation.Methodology:The study examines data on vehicular emissions, traffic patterns, and meteorological conditions to explore the relationship between transportation activities and smog. Data collection was performed via an online questionnaire survey. This data was then mapped onto traffic congestion areas and major industrial pollution sources, with charts created to depict public perceptions of the issue.Results and Discussion:The results show that vehicles are a significant source of smog, emitting NOx, VOCs, and particulate matter (PM). Older vehicles, especially those lacking modern pollution control technologies, emit far more pollutants per kilometer than newer models thatadhere to stringent emission standards. Traffic congestion during peak hours leads to extended vehicle idling, which increases fuel consumption and emissions. Additionally, stop-and-go traffic conditions further heighten fuel use and pollutant release.Concluding Remarks:Tackling transportation-related smog is essential and necessitates effective management and policies at the local, regional, and national levels. Public-private partnerships can be instrumental in advancing cleaner technologies and practices within the transportation sector to mitigate smog.