Geodemographic assessment of tuberculosis patients using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Gujranwala city, Pakistan

Introduction/Importance of the Study:Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has persisted for centuries and primarily affects the lungs, spreading through airborne droplets. First identified by Robert Koch in 1882, TB remains a global health challenge. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been actively working to reduce TBincidence worldwide, and their efforts have led to a decline in infection rates over time. TB is closely related to geodemographic factors, which influence its prevalence and distribution.Objective:This study aims to investigate the risk factors, spatial distribution, and hotspot areas of TB in Gujranwala city.Material and Methods:Primary data were collected through questionnaire surveys, and secondary data were obtained from TB center records. These data were analyzed using statistical Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) software.Novelty Statement:This study provides a geographical analysis of TB patients, offering significant insights that could enhance TB treatment strategies.Results and Discussion:The analysis revealed that socioeconomic status, diet, diagnostic practices, and ecological conditions are key risk factors for TB. High-incidence areas are often characterized by poor ecological and economic conditions, predominantly inhabited by low-to middle-income labor class populations. Specific areas such as Ladhewala Wraich, Chicherwali, Kachi Phatuman, and Loyawala face ongoing environmental and socioeconomic challenges.Concluding Remarks:Addressing these adverse conditions is crucial for reducing TB spread. Strengthening the immune system is also vital in preventing the disease. The government has a critical role in implementing measures to eradicate TB in Pakistan and improve overall public health.