IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/r/bla/joares/v34y1996i2p261-279.html
   My bibliography  Save this item

Segment reporting to the capital market in the presence of a competitor

Citations

Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
as


Cited by:

  1. Behrens, Kristian & Sharunova, Vera, 2015. "Inter- and intra-firm linkages: Evidence from microgeographic location patterns," CEPR Discussion Papers 10921, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  2. Dos Santos, Marcelo B. & Errunza, Vihang R. & Miller, Darius P., 2008. "Does corporate international diversification destroy value? Evidence from cross-border mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(12), pages 2716-2724, December.
  3. Zheng, Zhen & Lin, Yongjia & Yu, Xiaoou & Liu, Xinming, 2021. "Product market competition and the cost of equity capital," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1-9.
  4. Sheng-Syan Chen & Chia-Wei Huang & Chuan-Yang Hwang & Yanzhi Wang, 2022. "Voluntary disclosure and corporate innovation," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 58(3), pages 1081-1115, April.
  5. Hsin-Yi Yu & Li-Wen Chen, 2017. "Ambiguous Customer Identity Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 20(03), pages 1-29, September.
  6. Nagar, Neerav, 2016. "Do managers manipulate gross profits? Role of product market competition," IIMA Working Papers WP2016-03-26, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department.
  7. Irina Andrievskaya & Mikhail Raschupkin, 2015. "Is it Worth Being Transparent? Evidence from the Russian Banking System," HSE Working papers WP BRP 51/FE/2015, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
  8. Fan, Joseph P.H. & Gillan, Stuart L. & Yu, Xin, 2013. "Property rights, R&D spillovers, and corporate accounting transparency in China," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(C), pages 34-56.
  9. Farah Abd Mutalib & Hartini Jaafar, 2019. "Segment Reporting Practices and Determinants: Evidence from Malaysian Public Listed Companies," International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, vol. 9(3), pages 264-273, July.
  10. MuiChing Chan & John Watson, 2011. "Voluntary Disclosure of Segment Information in a Regulated Environment: Australian Evidence," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 1(1), pages 37-53, June.
  11. Chen, Chao & Gu, Junjian & Luo, Rongxi, 2022. "Corporate innovation and R&D expenditure disclosures," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  12. Richard Frankel & Joshua Lee & Zawadi Lemayian, 2018. "Proprietary costs and sealing documents in patent litigation," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 452-486, June.
  13. Andrea Cuccia, 2018. "Potential of IFRS 8: Managerial "customization", relevance of subsidiaries and separate financial statements," FINANCIAL REPORTING, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2018(1), pages 103-131.
  14. Quan Gan & Buhui Qiu, 2021. "The information content of 10‐K file size change," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 21(4), pages 1251-1285, December.
  15. Feng Li & Russell Lundholm & Michael Minnis, 2013. "A Measure of Competition Based on 10‐K Filings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(2), pages 399-436, May.
  16. Denise A. Jones, 2007. "Voluntary Disclosure in R&D†Intensive Industries," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 24(2), pages 489-522, June.
  17. Dong, Xiaobo & Lin, K.C. & Kuang, Yingxu, 2014. "Are inter-segment revenues informative about future performance?," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 298-308.
  18. Isabel†María García†Sánchez & Ligia Noguera†Gámez, 2018. "Institutional Investor Protection Pressures versus Firm Incentives in the Disclosure of Integrated Reporting," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 28(2), pages 199-219, June.
  19. Hope, Ole-Kristian & Ma, Mark (Shuai) & Thomas, Wayne B., 2013. "Tax avoidance and geographic earnings disclosure," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 170-189.
  20. Isabel‐María García‐Sánchez & Ligia Noguera‐Gámez, 2017. "Integrated Reporting and Stakeholder Engagement: The Effect on Information Asymmetry," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 24(5), pages 395-413, September.
  21. Trabelsi, Samir & Labelle, Réal & Dumontier, Pascal, 2008. "Incremental Voluntary Disclosure on Corporate Websites, Determinants and Consequences," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 4(2), pages 120-155.
  22. Benjamin E. Hermalin & Michael S. Weisbach, 2012. "Information Disclosure and Corporate Governance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(1), pages 195-234, February.
  23. Hornstein, Abigail S. & Nguyen, Zachary, 2014. "Is more less? Propensity to diversify via M&A and market reactions," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 76-88.
  24. Kryzanowski, Lawrence & Mohebshahedin, Mahmood, 2020. "Transparency and fund governance efficacy: The effect of the SEC'S disclosure rule on advisory contracts," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
  25. Christian Leuz & Peter D. Wysocki, 2016. "The Economics of Disclosure and Financial Reporting Regulation: Evidence and Suggestions for Future Research," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(2), pages 525-622, May.
  26. Hinson, Lisa & Tucker, Jennifer Wu & Weng, Diana, 2019. "The tradeoff between relevance and comparability in segment reporting," Journal of Accounting Literature, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 70-86.
  27. Rahman, Dewan & Kabir, Muhammad & Oliver, Barry, 2021. "Does exposure to product market competition influence insider trading profitability?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
  28. D. Eric Hirst & Lisa Koonce & Shankar Venkataraman, 2007. "How Disaggregation Enhances the Credibility of Management Earnings Forecasts," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(4), pages 811-837, September.
  29. Konrad Lang, 2018. "Voluntary Disclosure and Analyst Forecast," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(1), pages 23-36, January.
  30. Annelies Renders & Ann Gaeremynck, 2007. "The Impact of Legal and Voluntary Investor Protection on the Early Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)," De Economist, Springer, vol. 155(1), pages 49-72, March.
  31. Vojislav Maksimovic & Gordon Phillips, 2002. "Do Conglomerate Firms Allocate Resources Inefficiently Across Industries? Theory and Evidence," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(2), pages 721-767, April.
  32. Dambra, Michael & Field, Laura Casares & Gustafson, Matthew T., 2015. "The JOBS Act and IPO volume: Evidence that disclosure costs affect the IPO decision," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(1), pages 121-143.
  33. Fischer, Paul E. & Verrecchia, Robert E., 2004. "Disclosure bias," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 223-250, December.
  34. Roland Königsgruber & Pietro Perotti & Oliver Schinnerl & Fanis Tsoligkas & David Windisch, 2021. "Product Market Competition and Firms’ Disclosure of Cross‐segment Differences in Performance," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 57(4), pages 709-736, December.
  35. Martin Bugeja & Robert Czernkowski & Daryl Moran, 2015. "The Impact of the Management Approach on Segment Reporting," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(3-4), pages 310-366, April.
  36. Núñez-Nickel, Manuel & Gago Rodríguez, Susana, 2010. "Evolutionary model of existing competition and voluntary disclosure," INDEM - Working Paper Business Economic Series id-10-06, Instituto para el Desarrollo Empresarial (INDEM).
  37. Datta, Sudip & Iskandar-Datta, Mai & Singh, Vivek, 2013. "Product market power, industry structure, and corporate earnings management," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 3273-3285.
  38. Luminita Enache & Khaled Hussainey, 2020. "The substitutive relation between voluntary disclosure and corporate governance in their effects on firm performance," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 413-445, February.
  39. Xuan Chen & Liang Zhang, 2022. "Do negative environmental media reports increase environmental information disclosures? A comparative analysis based on political connections and market competition," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(6), pages 2480-2500, September.
  40. Belen Blanco & Juan M. Garcia Lara & Josep A. Tribo, 2015. "Segment Disclosure and Cost of Capital," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(3-4), pages 367-411, April.
  41. Tingting Zhang & Weiqiang Zeng & Ruohan Zhong & Yanxi Li, 2017. "Industry competition in China: an external governance mechanism or an external incentive," Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, The Crawford School, The Australian National University, vol. 31(2), pages 123-136, November.
  42. Jesse A. Ellis & C. Edward Fee & Shawn E. Thomas, 2012. "Proprietary Costs and the Disclosure of Information About Customers," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(3), pages 685-727, June.
  43. Young Jun Cho, 2015. "Segment Disclosure Transparency and Internal Capital Market Efficiency: Evidence from SFAS No. 131," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(4), pages 669-723, September.
  44. Corinna Ewelt & Thorsten Knauer, 2010. "Zum Zielkonflikt der Unternehmenspublizität zu Forschung & Entwicklung – eine empirische Untersuchung der HDAX-Unternehmen," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 37-58, June.
  45. Wesley Mendes-Da-Silva & Luciana Massaro Onusic & Daniel Reed Bergmann, 2014. "The Influence of E-disclosure on the Ex-Ante Cost of Capital of Listed Companies in Brazil," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 13(3), pages 335-365, December.
  46. Huddart, Steven & Hughes, John S. & Brunnermeier, Markus, 1999. "Disclosure requirements and stock exchange listing choice in an international context," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 26(1-3), pages 237-269, January.
  47. Qu, Qixing & Wang, Lin & Qin, Liangjuan & Zhao, Xiaoye & Wang, Lijie, 2017. "The impact of information disclosure on market liquidity: Evidence from firms’ use of Twitter," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 465(C), pages 644-654.
  48. George Iatridis & Panayotis Alexakis, 2012. "Evidence of voluntary accounting disclosures in the Athens Stock Market," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 11(1), pages 73-92, February.
  49. Sofia Johan & Minjie Zhang, 2021. "Information Asymmetries in Private Equity: Reporting Frequency, Endowments, and Governance," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 174(1), pages 199-220, November.
  50. Patrick Bielstein & Mario Fischer & Christoph Kaserer, 2018. "The cost of capital effect of M&A transactions: Disentangling coinsurance from the diversification discount," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 24(4), pages 650-679, September.
  51. Art Durnev & Claudine Mangen, 2009. "Corporate Investments: Learning from Restatements," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(3), pages 679-720, June.
  52. Heitzman, Shane & Wasley, Charles & Zimmerman, Jerold, 2010. "The joint effects of materiality thresholds and voluntary disclosure incentives on firms' disclosure decisions," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1-2), pages 109-132, February.
  53. Datta, Sudip & Iskandar-Datta, Mai & Sharma, Vivek, 2011. "Product market pricing power, industry concentration and analysts' earnings forecasts," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 1352-1366, June.
  54. Dedman, Elisabeth & Lennox, Clive, 2009. "Perceived competition, profitability and the withholding of information about sales and the cost of sales," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(2-3), pages 210-230, December.
  55. Ahmed Saleh & Ahmed Aboud & Yasser Eliwa, 2023. "IFRS 8 and the cost of capital in Europe," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(3), pages 3198-3231, July.
  56. Maksimovic, Vojislav & Phillips, Gordon & Prabhala, N.R., 2011. "Post-merger restructuring and the boundaries of the firm," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(2), pages 317-343.
  57. Peter‐Jan Engelen & Michele Meoli & Andrea Signori & Silvio Vismara, 2020. "The effects of stricter regulation on the going public decision of small and knowledge‐intensive firms," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1-2), pages 188-217, January.
  58. Verrecchia, Robert E., 2001. "Essays on disclosure," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 97-180, December.
  59. Bazrafshan, Ebrahim & Kandelousi, Amene S. & Hooy, Chee-Wooi, 2016. "The impact of earnings management on the extent of disclosure and true financial performance: Evidence from listed firms in Hong Kong," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 48(2), pages 206-219.
  60. John R. Graham & Michael L. Lemmon & Jack G. Wolf, 2002. "Does Corporate Diversification Destroy Value?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(2), pages 695-720, April.
  61. Joseph D. Piotroski, 2003. "Discussion of The Impact of SFAS No. 131 on Information and Monitoring," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(2), pages 225-234, May.
  62. Benjamin E. Hermalin & Michael S. Weisbach, 2007. "Transparency and Corporate Governance," NBER Working Papers 12875, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  63. Anil Arya & Hans Frimor & Brian Mittendorf, 2010. "Discretionary Disclosure of Proprietary Information in a Multisegment Firm," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 56(4), pages 645-658, April.
  64. Rucsandra Moldovan, 2014. "Post-Implementation Reviews for IASB and FASB Standards: A Comparison of the Process and Findings for the Operating Segments Standards," Accounting in Europe, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(1), pages 113-137, June.
  65. Tarun Khanna & Krishna G. Palepu & Suraj Srinivasan, 2004. "Disclosure Practices of Foreign Companies Interacting with U.S. Markets," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(2), pages 475-508, May.
  66. Ruyun (Ivy) Feng & Michael D. Kimbrough & Sijing Wei, 2022. "The role of information transparency in the product market: an examination of the sustainability of profitability differences," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 668-705, June.
  67. Schmidt, Marko & Grigoleit, Jens & Nippa, Michael, 2009. "Die Auswirkungen der Unternehmenstransparenz auf den Erfolg börsenorientierter Kapitalgesellschaften in Deutschland - Eine Darstellung des aktuellen Forschungsstandes," Freiberg Working Papers 2009/01, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
  68. Paugam, Luc, 2011. "Valorisation et reporting du goodwill : enjeux théoriques et empiriques," Economics Thesis from University Paris Dauphine, Paris Dauphine University, number 123456789/8007 edited by Casta, Jean-François.
  69. Balachandran, Balasingham & Faff, Robert, 2015. "Corporate governance, firm value and risk: Past, present, and future," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 35(PA), pages 1-12.
  70. Alfred Wagenhofer, 2000. "Disclosure of proprietary information in the course of an acquisition," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(1), pages 57-69.
  71. Iatridis, George Emmanuel, 2011. "Accounting disclosures, accounting quality and conditional and unconditional conservatism," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 88-102, April.
  72. Mun, Changbae & Kim, Yongmin & Yoo, Donghyun & Yoon, Sejun & Hyun, Heesu & Raghavan, Nagarajan & Park, Hyunseok, 2019. "Discovering business diversification opportunities using patent information and open innovation cases," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 144-154.
  73. Isabel‐María García Sánchez & Luis Rodríguez Domínguez & Isabel Gallego Álvarez, 2011. "Corporate governance and strategic information on the internet," Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 24(4), pages 471-501, May.
  74. Dean Katselas & Jacqueline Birt & Xin Hao Kang, 2011. "International Firm Lobbying and ED 8 Operating Segments," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 21(2), pages 154-166, June.
  75. Healy, Paul M. & Palepu, Krishna G., 2001. "Information asymmetry, corporate disclosure, and the capital markets: A review of the empirical disclosure literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-3), pages 405-440, September.
  76. Arya, Anil & Mittendorf, Brian, 2013. "Discretionary disclosure in the presence of dual distribution channels," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(2), pages 168-182.
  77. Edith Leung & Arnt Verriest, 2015. "The Impact of IFRS 8 on Geographical Segment Information," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(3-4), pages 273-309, April.
  78. Jennifer Francis & Dhananjay Nanda & Per Olsson, 2008. "Voluntary Disclosure, Earnings Quality, and Cost of Capital," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(1), pages 53-99, March.
  79. Ho, Kung-Cheng & Shen, Xixi & Yan, Cheng & Hu, Xiang, 2023. "Influence of green innovation on disclosure quality: Mediating role of media attention," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
  80. Imen Khanchel El Mehdi, 2014. "Accrual and cash flow anomalies in diversified firms: Impact of segment portfolio management," Working Papers 2014-76, Department of Research, Ipag Business School.
  81. repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-076 is not listed on IDEAS
  82. Fields, Thomas D. & Lys, Thomas Z. & Vincent, Linda, 2001. "Empirical research on accounting choice," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-3), pages 255-307, September.
  83. Annalisa Prencipe, 2004. "Proprietary costs and determinants of voluntary segment disclosure: evidence from Italian listed companies," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(2), pages 319-340.
  84. Jankensgård, Håkan, 2013. "An Empirical Test of the Optimal Disclosure Hypothesis," Knut Wicksell Working Paper Series 2013/6, Lund University, Knut Wicksell Centre for Financial Studies.
  85. Sean Shun Cao & Kai Du & Baozhong Yang & Alan L. Zhang, 2021. "Copycat Skills and Disclosure Costs: Evidence from Peer Companies’ Digital Footprints," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(4), pages 1261-1302, September.
  86. Waisman, Maya, 2013. "Product market competition and the cost of bank loans: Evidence from state antitakeover laws," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 4721-4737.
  87. Hakan Jankensgard, 2014. "A Tale of Beauties and Beasts: Testing the Optimal Disclosure Hypothesis," Multinational Finance Journal, Multinational Finance Journal, vol. 18(1-2), pages 139-167, March - J.
  88. José V. Frias‐Aceituno & Lázaro Rodríguez‐Ariza & Isabel M. Garcia‐Sánchez, 2014. "Explanatory Factors of Integrated Sustainability and Financial Reporting," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 23(1), pages 56-72, January.
  89. Belen Villalonga, 2001. "Diversification Discount or Premium? New Evidence from BITS Establishment-Level Data," Working Papers 01-13, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
  90. Michael Bradbury & Graeme Dean & Frank L. Clarke, 2009. "Incentives for Non‐Disclosure by Corporate Groups," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 45(4), pages 429-454, December.
  91. Christensen, Hans B. & Liu, Lisa Yao & Maffett, Mark, 2020. "Proactive financial reporting enforcement and shareholder wealth," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(2).
  92. Fu, Renhui & Gao, Fang & Kim, Yong H. & Qiu, Buhui, 2017. "Performance volatility, information availability, and disclosure reforms," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 35-52.
  93. Kirby, Alison J., 2004. "The product market opportunity loss of mandated disclosure," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 553-577, December.
  94. Troberg, Pontus & Kinnunen, Juha & Seppänen, Harri J., 2010. "What drives cross-segment diversity in returns and risks? Evidence from Japanese and U.S. firms," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 44-76, March.
  95. Taran, Alina & Simga-Mugan, Can & Mironiuc, Marilena, 2021. "Country-segment disclosure of foreign operations from Central and Eastern Europe: Country-level determinants and value relevance," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
  96. Ying Zhou, 2022. "Proprietary Costs and Corporate Lobbying Against Changes in Mandatory Disclosure," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(11), pages 8483-8505, November.
  97. Usman Bashir & Shoaib Khan & Abdulhafiz Jones & Muntazir Hussain, 2021. "Do banking system transparency and market structure affect financial stability of Chinese banks?," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 54(1), pages 1-41, February.
  98. Ana Gisbert & Begoña Navallas & Domi Romero, 2014. "Proprietary costs, governance and the segment disclosure decision," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 18(3), pages 733-763, August.
  99. Zheyuan Zhang & Huiying Wu & Sammy Xiaoyan Ying & Jiaxing You, 2023. "Corporate Innovation and Disclosure Strategy," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 59(1), pages 76-133, March.
  100. Jacqueline L. Birt & Chris M. Bilson & Tom Smith & Robert E. Whaley, 2006. "Ownership, Competition, and Financial Disclosure," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 31(2), pages 235-263, December.
  101. André, Paul & Filip, Andrei & Moldovan, Rucsandra, 2016. "Segment Disclosure Quantity and Quality under IFRS 8: Determinants and the Effect on Financial Analysts' Earnings Forecast Errors," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 51(4), pages 443-461.
IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.