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Die große Depression, der New Deal, ihre Bewertung durch den Mainstream und die Krise Europas

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  • Stephan Schulmeister

Abstract

Der "New Deal", mit dem Roosevelt die Wirtschaft der USA aus der Depression 1929/1933 führte, unterscheidet sich markant von der EU-Politik seit 2009. Zunächst konzentrierte er sich auf die Bekämpfung von Mutlosigkeit und Verzweiflung, auf die Regulierung des Finanzsektors und auf die Belebung der Realwirtschaft. Danach folgten Strukturreformen wie der Ausbau des Sozialstaates und seine Finanzierung durch einen progressiveren Steuertarif. In den USA stieg das reale BIP zwischen 1933 und 1937 um 43%, primär als Folge des Booms der privaten Investitionen (+140%). Die Staatsnachfrage wuchs lediglich um 28%, das Defizit wurde nicht erhöht. Roosevelt nahm somit jene Botschaften von Keynes' "General Theory" (1936) vorweg, die später verdrängt wurden: die Bedeutung von Unsicherheit und Vertrauen sowie die Notwendigkeit, Finanzspekulation radikal einzuschränken. Die einflussreiche These von Friedman – Schwartz (1963), wonach die Depression primär durch die Geldpolitik – also durch den Staat – verursacht wurde, erweist sich als Ideologieproduktion. Dies gilt noch mehr für These von Cole – Ohanian (1999) sowie von Prescott (1999), wonach der New Deal die Depression verlängert hätte. Eine Orientierung der europäischen Politik an den Leitlinien von Roosevelt und damit ein den gegenwärtigen Ausgangsbedingungen angepasster "New Deal für Europa" könnte die Wirtschaft aus der hartnäckigen Krise führen.

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  • Stephan Schulmeister, 2014. "Die große Depression, der New Deal, ihre Bewertung durch den Mainstream und die Krise Europas," WIFO Working Papers 483, WIFO.
  • Handle: RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2014:i:483
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

    Makroökonomische Politik; Depressionen; New Deal;
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