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Le modèle social européen et l'Europe sociale

Author

Listed:
  • Catherine Mathieu

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Henri Sterdyniak

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

Abstract

Un large consensus semble exister en Europe pour estimer qu’il existe un Modèle social européen (MSE), qui doit être défendu et développé. Mais cette notion est ambiguë : est-ce une simple description de l’état actuel des sociétés européennes ? Est-ce une notion normative ? Reste-t-elle compatible avec la mondialisation contemporaine ? Est-ce un projet politique ? Le MSE est incarné de façon différente dans chaque pays de l’Union. L’article discute la classification d’Esping-Andersen qui distingue quatre modèles : libéral, continental, scandinave et méditerranéen. Les meilleures performances économiques sont obtenues par les pays libéraux et scandinaves ; ces derniers ont en outre les meilleures performances sociales. Les performances économiques des pays du modèle continental sont médiocres. Doivent-ils se résigner à aller vers le modèle libéral ou peuvent-ils évoluer vers le modèle scandinave ? Le MSE est confronté à de nouveaux défis économiques (croissance des dépenses, mondialisation) et sociaux (individualisme). Trois points de vue sur son avenir sont confrontés. Le premier insiste sur l’importance de garantir la cohésion sociale. Le deuxième propose de restaurer les incitations au travail. Le troisième propose d’augmenter le rôle de la protection sociale comme un facteur de production. Faut-il faire progresser l’Europe sociale ? Il s’agit d’un projet ambigu qui peut viser à moderniser la protection sociale, c’est-à-dire à la réduire ou à mettre en place progressivement des normes sociales élevées communes à tous les États membres. Quel doit être le partage des rôles entre les institutions nationales et les institutions européennes dans l’évolution du (ou des) MSE ? La stratégie actuelle (celle de la Méthode ouverte de coordination) est peu satisfaisante, peu démocratique et peu influente. Est-elle améliorable ?

Suggested Citation

  • Catherine Mathieu & Henri Sterdyniak, 2008. "Le modèle social européen et l'Europe sociale," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/5207, Sciences Po.
    • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/5207
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Politique sociale; Questions européennes; Modèles sociaux; Europe sociale;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H50 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - General
    • I30 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - General

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