The construct of organizational effectiveness has been contested by theorists and researchers for many years. As the study of organizational effectiveness in profit organizations is complex and muddled, studying the construct in nonprofit organizations may be even more troublesome due to their distinctive nature. This study contributes to the literature by presenting a Two-level competing values approach to measure nonprofit organizational effectiveness. The framework is constituted of two levels of analysis, management and program, which are proposed in the model of Sowa and colleagues (2004). Moreover, the framework also captures the Competing Values Approach of Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983). We apply our model to sports clubs and we discuss the practical implications of our framework.
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