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Prix versus quantités : Les politiques environnementales d’incitation au développement des énergies renouvelables

Author

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  • Philippe Menanteau

    (LEPII - Laboratoire d'Economie de la Production et de l'Intégration Internationale - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Dominique Finon

    (CIRED - centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Marie-Laure Lamy

Abstract

La confirmation du risque de changement climatique et la volonté affichée des Etats européens de poursuivre des objectifs ambitieux de production d'électricité renouvelable pour y répondre invitent à s'interroger sur l'efficacité comparée des instruments d'incitation utilisés. Ceux-ci sont clairement des instruments homologues de ceux utilisés par les politiques environnementales. Le choix entre les instruments jouant sur les quantités - fixation d'objectifs nationaux et enchères concurrentielles, ou bien imposition de quotas et échanges de certificats verts -, et les instruments jouant sur les prix - tarifs d'achats administrés - relève du même type de débat que pour ces politiques. Toutefois l'objet de l'intervention publique est particulier : il est de stimuler le changement technique et d'accélérer les apprentissages technologiques en vue d'amener les techniques renouvelables vers la zone de compétitivité avec les techniques classiques après internalisation des coûts environnementaux. La comparaison des instruments doit donc être posée en relation avec les caractéristiques des processus d'innovation et des conditions d'adoption - incertitudes sur les courbes de coût, dynamiques d'apprentissage - qui conduisent à se référer aussi à des critères d'efficience dynamique. Pour ce faire on examine l'efficacité des différents cadres incitatifs au développement des énergies renouvelables, à la fois d'un point de vue théorique en opposant les approches par les prix à celles par les quantités, et d'un point de vue pratique en se référant aux expériences concrètes de mise en œuvre de ces différents instruments. Le papier conclut à l'efficacité plus grande du système de prix administrés comparé au dispositif d'enchères, mais met en évidence les qualités théoriques de l'approche par les certificats verts qui devront être confirmées par la pratique, compte tenu de l'influence des règles et des structures de marché sur les performances de ce type d'approche.

Suggested Citation

  • Philippe Menanteau & Dominique Finon & Marie-Laure Lamy, 2001. "Prix versus quantités : Les politiques environnementales d’incitation au développement des énergies renouvelables," Working Papers halshs-01321796, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01321796
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    References listed on IDEAS

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