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Brasil: la sostenibilidad de la agroindustria de la caña de azúcar y las oportunidades de exportación de bioetanol a la Unión Europea

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  • Izabel Rigo Portocarrero

    (Centro de Estudios Brasileños - Universidad de Salamanca)

Abstract

En Brasil, el bioetanol, juntamente con el bagazo de la caña, representa el 18,1% de la oferta interna de energía, lo que lo califica como la segunda mayor fuente de energía en una matriz energética compuesta por un 45% de energías renovables, mientras que la media mundial llega al 14%. Se considera al modelo productivo del bioetanol brasileño el más sostenible entre los biocarburantes de primera generación, y el único capaz de mantenerse en el mercado tras la emergencia de las futuras generaciones de biocarburantes. Entre tanto, en el contexto de la Unión Europea, debido a la limitada disponibilidad de recursos de biomasa para la producción de biocarburantes y a los ambiciosos retos establecidos en la Directiva 2009/28/CE para su utilización como fuente de energía renovable, se prevé un aumento acentuado de las importaciones y, por consiguiente, la ascensión de los mercados internacionales en este sector, lo que supone una importante oportunidad para el bioetanol brasileño. No obstante, dicha Directiva estipula criterios de sostenibilidad relacionados con potenciales impactos ambientales y prevé la aplicación de regímenes de certificación voluntarios para garantizar la observancia de estos criterios en la cadena de producción de los biocarburantes. Se pueden utilizar e importar biocarburantes que no cumplan estos criterios, pero su comercialización será poco viable en la medida en que los precios de esta fuente de energía son considerablemente superiores a los de los combustibles fósiles y, por lo tanto, poco competitivos en la ausencia de incentivos. Esa es la razón por la cual se puede considerar a estos últimos como una forma de proteger a los agricultores europeos de la competencia extranjera por medio del establecimiento de patrones de sostenibilidad tendenciosos. En este sentido, la presente investigación identifica las circunstancias en que estos regímenes de certificación, formalmente orientados a garantizar la sostenibilidad ambiental de los procesos de producción de biocarburantes, podrían suponer barreras no arancelarias al comercio del bioetanol brasileño. Este análisis, que involucra el comercio de biocarburantes en el mercado internacional, tiene como marco teórico los acuerdos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio.

Suggested Citation

  • Izabel Rigo Portocarrero, 2012. "Brasil: la sostenibilidad de la agroindustria de la caña de azúcar y las oportunidades de exportación de bioetanol a la Unión Europea," Post-Print halshs-00875174, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00875174
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00875174
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    References listed on IDEAS

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