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Observing Enforcement: Evidence from Banking

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Abstract

This paper finds that the disclosure of supervisory actions is associated with changes in regulators' enforcement behavior. Using a novel sample of enforcement decisions and orders (EDOs) and the setting of the 1989 Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (FIRREA), which required the public disclosure of EDOs, we find that U.S. bank regulators issue more EDOs, intervene sooner, and rely more on publicly observable signals after the disclosure regime change. The content of EDOs also changes, with documents becoming more complex and boilerplate. Our results are stronger in counties with higher news circulation, indicating that disclosure plays an incremental role in regulators' changing behavior. We evaluate the main potentially confounding changes around FIRREA, including the S\\&L crisis and competition from thrifts, and find robust results. We also study changes in bank outcomes following the regime change and find that uninsured deposits decline at EDO banks, especially for banks with EDOs covered in the news. Finally, we observe that bank failure accelerates despite improvements in capital ratios and asset quality.

Suggested Citation

  • Anya V. Kleymenova & Rimmy E. Tomy, 2021. "Observing Enforcement: Evidence from Banking," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021-049, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2021-49
    DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.049
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    File URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2021049pap.pdf
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    1. Anbil, Sriya, 2018. "Managing stigma during a financial crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(1), pages 166-181.
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    Cited by:

    1. Berger, Allen N. & Cai, Jin & Roman, Raluca A. & Sedunov, John, 2022. "Supervisory enforcement actions against banks and systemic risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Disclosure; Enforcement actions; Regulatory incentives; Banking;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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