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Les petites économies d'Amérique Latine et des Caraïbes: croissance, ouverture commerciale et relations inter-régionales

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  • Escaith, Hubert

Abstract

Résumé Population, ressources naturelles et taille du marché intérieur ont été les composants traditionnels de l'équation déterminant la richesse des nations selon les économistes classiques. Les nouvelles directions de recherche ouvertes par les théories de la croissance endogène et les résultats des études statistiques comparatives sur les déterminants de cette croissance ont relancé l'intérêt sur les relations entre effets d'échelle, taille des marchés et rôle du commerce international dans la croissance économique des petites économies. Dans le contexte de croissante mondialisation, les petites économies se retrouvent confrontées à une série de défis et d'opportunités où leur petite taille économique est généralement considérée comme un handicap. Les déséconomies d'échelle augmentent leurs coûts de production alors que la moindre diversification de leurs exportations les rend extrêmement vulnérables à des chocs externes. Tous ces facteurs prennent d'autant plus d'importance que le commerce est devenu un des facteurs clefs du développement économique, comme l'indique la hausse de la participation des importations et des exportations par rapport au PIB notable depuis la deuxième moitié des années 1980. Le rôle central du commerce intra-régional ou du marché nord-américain comme moteurs des exportations non traditionnelles exacerbe l'importance de la compétitivité-prix et donc des programmes de subventions ou d'exemption pour assurer les débouché1-s sur ces marchés. Pour les petits pays en voie de développement de la région souffrant de désavantages relatifs, le succès dépendrait ainsi des conditions préférentielles de leurs relations avec leurs principaux partenaires commerciaux développés, Amérique du Nord et, pour les pays membre du groupe ACP, Union Européenne. d'autre part, une trop grande spécialisation en fonction d'un grand marché régional (Etats Unis ou Brésil) entraîne des risques qui méritent considération. Cet article, basé sur une communication présentée au Colloque international sur les relations Europe-Amérique latine et la mondialisation, organisé par le Centre de recherche sur l'Amérique Latine et les Caraïbes (CREALC) à Aix en Provence les 29-30 septembre 2000, reprend et développe les grandes lignes de travaux réalisés dans le cadre de la CEPALC. La première partie offre une analyse les principales caractéristiques des petites économies d'amérique Latine et des Caraïbes, ainsi que de leurs implications sur leur croissance et leur options de politique économique. Une seconde partie évalue les perspectives et les défis que présentent l'extension des relations inter-régionales de libre-échange et la mondialisation du commerce. La conclusion identifie quelques options de politique économique et de négociations commerciales.

Suggested Citation

  • Escaith, Hubert, 2001. "Les petites économies d'Amérique Latine et des Caraïbes: croissance, ouverture commerciale et relations inter-régionales," Series Históricas 7775, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    • Handle: RePEc:ecr:col048:7775
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    1. Ocampo, José Antonio, 1999. "Reforming the international financial architecture: consensus and divergence," Series Históricas 7459, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    2. ,, 1999. "Problems And Solutions," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(3), pages 427-432, June.
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    4. ,, 1999. "Problems And Solutions," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(5), pages 777-788, October.
    5. -, 1999. "Finding solutions to the debt problems of developing countries: report of the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations (New York, 20 May 1999)," Series Históricas 7480, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    6. ,, 1999. "Problems And Solutions," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(1), pages 151-160, February.
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    1. Françoise RIVIERE & Michel DIMOU, 2017. "Modèles et stratégies de développement des petites économies insulaires. Revue de la littérature et nouveaux paradigmes," Working Paper 0bd96404-7210-4678-93d6-4, Agence française de développement.

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