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Les déterminants macroéconomiques de l'épargne québécoise et canadienne – une étude économétrique

Author

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  • Mara Gloria
  • François Vaillancourt
  • Pedro Lages Dos Santos

Abstract

This study uses the CCR, FM-MCO, MCOD, and Johansen's VECM cointegration techniques to find the macroeconomic determinants of Canadian and Quebec savings between 1981 and 2010. Three savings specifications are used: savings in millions of dollars, natural log savings and the personal savings rate. The explanatory variables from consumer theory used in the estimates are: net wealth, disposable income, consumer credit, mortgage credit, employee contributions to RRSPs and RPPs, real interest rates, inflation, women's labour force participation, and proportions by age of the population. According to Phillips-Perron unit root tests, the majority of the variables are either I(0) or I(1), but the order of integration of private pension contributions and age-specific proportions of the population ranges from stationary around a trend I(1) to I(2). The three savings specifications are cointegrated according to the Engle-Granger cointegration test. The Johansen test even detects several cointegration relationships, which makes it very difficult to estimate an error-correction model. According to the elasticities of long-term relationships estimated by the different cointegration techniques, the best specification for studying Canadian and Quebec savings is the savings rate. A Johansen error correction model is then implemented for this savings specification for Canada and Quebec. The results of the impulse analysis from the Canadian model indicate that a shock to net wealth or mortgage credit or to the real interest rate would have a positive impact on the Canadian savings rate, while a shock to RRSP contributions or to women's labour force participation would have a negative and permanent impact. Consumer credit would have a negative impact for four quarters; then the impact is positive but it does not converge. The impact of inflation is very small. In the case of the Quebec impulse analysis, a shock on net wealth or on consumer credit or on mortgage credit or on the interest rate would have a positive and permanent impact on the savings rate. The RRSP contribution rate is initially positive but decreases and becomes negative from the 4th quarter onwards without converging on a value. A shock on women's labour force participation has a negative impact first; then the impact converges to a positive value. Inflation would largely have a positive impact on the savings rate. It should be noted that the impulse analyses may be biased and not robust because of the difficulty in properly identifying cointegrating relationships in the error-correction model of Canada and Quebec in particular. Cette étude utilise les techniques de cointégration CCR, FM-MCO, MCOD, et le VECM de Johansen pour trouver les déterminants macroéconomiques de l'épargne canadienne et québécoise entre 1981 et 2010. Trois spécifications de l'épargne sont utilisées : l'épargne en millions $, l'épargne en log naturel et le taux d'épargne personnel. Les variables explicatives provenant de la théorie de la consommation et utilisées dans les estimations sont : la richesse nette, le revenu disponible, le crédit à la consommation, le crédit hypothécaire, les contributions des employés au REER et au RPA, le taux d'intérêt réel, l'inflation, la participation des femmes au marché du travail, et les proportions selon l'âge de la population. Selon les tests de racine unitaire de Phillips-Perron, la majorité des variables sont soit I(0) soit I(1), mais l'ordre d'intégration des contributions aux régimes de pension privés et des proportions de la population selon l'âge oscille entre stationnaire autour d'une tendance I(1) et I(2). Les trois spécifications de l'épargne sont cointégrées selon le test de cointégration d'Engle-Granger. Le test de Johansen détecte même plusieurs relations de cointégration, c'est ce qui complique beaucoup l'estimation d'un modèle à correction d'erreur. Selon les élasticités des relations de long terme estimées par les différentes techniques de cointégration, la meilleure spécification pour étudier l'épargne canadienne et québécoise est le taux d'épargne. Un modèle à correction d'erreur de Johansen est alors implémenté pour cette spécification de l'épargne pour le Canada et le Québec. Les résultats de l'analyse impulsionnelle tirée du modèle canadien indiquent qu'un choc sur la richesse nette ou sur le crédit hypothécaire ou sur le taux d'intérêt réel aurait un impact positif sur le taux d'épargne canadien tandis qu'un choc sur les contributions au REER ou sur la participation des femmes au marché du travail aurait un impact négatif et permanent. Le crédit à la consommation aurait un impact négatif pendant quatre trimestres; ensuite l'impact est positif mais il ne converge pas. L'impact de l'inflation est très petit. Dans le cas de l'analyse impulsionnelle québécoise, un choc sur la richesse nette ou sur le crédit à la consommation ou sur le crédit hypothécaire ou sur le taux d'intérêt aurait un impact positif et permanent sur le taux d'épargne. Celui des contributions au REER est d'abord positif mais il décroit et devient négatif à partir du 4e trimestre sans converger vers une valeur. Un choc sur la participation des femmes au marché du travail a d'abord un impact négatif; ensuite l'impact converge vers une valeur positive. L'inflation aurait en grande partie un impact positif sur le taux d'épargne. Il faut noter que les analyses impulsionnelles sont peut-être biaisées et ne sont pas robustes à cause de la difficulté à bien identifier les relations de cointégration dans le modèle à correction d'erreur du Canada et en particulier du Québec.

Suggested Citation

  • Mara Gloria & François Vaillancourt & Pedro Lages Dos Santos, 2012. "Les déterminants macroéconomiques de l'épargne québécoise et canadienne – une étude économétrique," CIRANO Project Reports 2012rp-01, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirpro:2012rp-01
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    References listed on IDEAS

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