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Wars and the Labor Market Outcomes of Minorities in the U.S

Author

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  • Andreas Ferrara

    (University of Pittsburgh, Department of Economics, and NBER)

Abstract

This chapter reviews key literature studying the effects of wars on minority and underrepresented groups in U.S. labor markets in the 20th century. These labor markets, characterized by historically pervasive barriers to entry into certain occupations and industries, promotions, and fair pay for underrepresented workers, experienced severe challenges during times of war. These challenges served to break down some of the barriers faced by underrepresented workers. Recent years have shown that sudden labor shortages, similar to those induced by large-scale wars, are not a feature of the past. Hence, a better understanding of such shortages and their effects on different groups continues to be important, especially since opportunities and equality in the labor market are closely intertwined with political, legal, and socioeconomic equality. The focus here is on the labor market outcomes of Black and white women, as well as Black men, during and after the two World Wars. Their labor inputs compensated for the lack of white male workers during the war years; however, only WWII generated significant and more prolonged socioeconomic progress for both groups. This chapter summarizes theoretical considerations that can explain why some war-induced labor market shocks are persistent while others are not, as well as the empirical literature related to the labor market experiences of women and Black workers during and after the World Wars.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreas Ferrara, 2023. "Wars and the Labor Market Outcomes of Minorities in the U.S," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 687, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
    • Handle: RePEc:cge:wacage:687
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    File URL: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/manage/publications/wp687.2023.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Michael A. Clemens & Ethan G. Lewis & Hannah M. Postel, 2018. "Immigration Restrictions as Active Labor Market Policy: Evidence from the Mexican Bracero Exclusion," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 108(6), pages 1468-1487, June.
    2. Patrick Bayer & Kerwin Kofi Charles, 2018. "Divergent Paths: A New Perspective on Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men Since 1940," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 133(3), pages 1459-1501.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Labor markets; World War I; World War II; Women; Black Americans JEL Classification: N42; J15; J16; J82; H56;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • N42 - Economic History - - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation - - - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J82 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards - - - Labor Force Composition
    • H56 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - National Security and War

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