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An Application of the Tourist Test to Colombian Merchants

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  • Carlos Alberto Arango-Arango
  • Yanneth Rocío Betancourt-García
  • Manuela Restrepo-Bernal

Abstract

Cash is still widely used in Colombia, even among merchants that accept payment cards. Indeed, 60% of these merchants use dissuasive strategies to make their clients pay with cash. This shows that merchant service costs (MSC) for cards are not optimal in the sense of the Tourist Test. We present estimates of MSC compatible with the Tourist Test, such that merchants are indifferent between being paid with cash or cards. We find that cash is less costly than cards at the average retail-sales transaction-value, hence there is no positive optimal MSC at this ticket value. For the average card transaction ticket, the optimal MSC would be positive but far below the rates charge by the industry (0.74% in a short-term scenario). Yet, the additional incentive that sales-tax evasion provides to cash payments reduces the Tourist Test MSC to 0.44%. Our estimates for long-term scenarios yield even lower optimal MSC. An average price cap regulation that strikes a middle ground between these figures, and is complemented with sales-tax evasion measures, should discourage merchant strategies that deter consumers from paying with cards and will accommodate the wide heterogeneity in merchants´ scale, payment processing processes and ticket size. These results should be taken as a guideline as the estimations depend on the underlying assumptions and only consider the merchant´s side of the card industry. **** RESUMEN: En Colombia el efectivo continúa usándose ampliamente, incluso entre los comerciantes que aceptan tarjetas de pago. De hecho, el 60% de los comerciantes utilizan estrategias disuasivas para que sus clientes paguen en efectivo, reflejando que los cargos de los servicios por tarjetas (MSC) para los comerciantes no son óptimos. Este documento presenta estimaciones del MSC compatibles con el Test del Turista (Rochet y Tirole, 2007, 2011), donde el nivel de costos debe ser tal que los comerciantes sean indiferentes entre recibir pagos en efectivo o con tarjeta. Las estimaciones para Colombia muestran que el efectivo es menos costoso que las tarjetas para valores promedio de transacción en ventas minoristas, por lo tanto, no hay un MSC óptimo positivo para estos valores. Para el ticket promedio de transacción con tarjeta, el MSC óptimo sería positivo pero muy por debajo de las tarifas cobradas por la industria (0,74% en el corto plazo). El incentivo adicional generado por la evasión de impuestos a las ventas en efectivo, sin embargo, disminuye el cálculo del MSC de acuerdo con el test del turista a 0,44%. Las estimaciones para escenarios a largo plazo arrojan un MSC óptimo aún más bajo. Una regulación que imponga techos a los precios promedio basados en un nivel medio de estas cifras, complementada con medidas de evasión de impuestos sobre las ventas, debería desalentar las estrategias comerciales que buscan disuadir a los consumidores de pagar con tarjetas, adaptándose a la amplia heterogeneidad en la escala de los comerciantes, a los procesos de procesamiento de pagos y al tamaño del ticket. Es de mencionar que estos resultados deben tomarse como una guía, ya que las estimaciones dependen de los supuestos subyacentes en el modelo y solo consideran el lado comercial de la industria de las tarjetas.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlos Alberto Arango-Arango & Yanneth Rocío Betancourt-García & Manuela Restrepo-Bernal, 2021. "An Application of the Tourist Test to Colombian Merchants," Borradores de Economia 1176, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1176
    DOI: 10.32468/be.1176
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    cash; debit and credit cards; tourist test; merchant card fees; merchant interchanges fees; Efectivo; tarjetas débito y crédito; test del turista; tarifas de intercambio;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D23 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
    • D40 - Microeconomics - - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design - - - General
    • G20 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - General
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • E41 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Demand for Money
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies

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