IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/coacre/v8y1991i1p132-151.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Factors affecting the scope and initial tightness of covenant restrictions in private lending agreements

Author

Listed:
  • SAMIR EL†GAZZAR
  • VICTOR PASTENA

Abstract

. This paper explores restrictions in private lending agreements to determine how contractors' status affects (1) the number of limitations on managerial actions and (2) tightness (or slack) of contract restrictions at contract inception. The major result of the multivariate tests is that highly leveraged borrowers are forced to negotiate agreements with both more numerous and tighter restrictions. Debt contracts represent a series of rational trade†offs. Firms with higher debt face more restrictions, which are tighter and more likely to restrict managerial actions. Similarly, borrowers are more likely to agree to tighter extensive restrictions in exchange for more substantial loans. The evidence also indicates that larger firms that possess greater resources to avoid default are able to negotíate looser agreements that contain fewer restrictions. Secured loans do not impose a large number of accounting†based restrictions on managements' actions because secured lenders have less need to restrict managements' options. However, long†term agreements, including insurance loans, include more restrictions on dividends and payout options but use covenant ratios to allow management the flexibility needed over the course of a long†term loan. Résumé. Les auteurs étudient les clauses restrictives des contrats de prêt privés afin de déterminer comment la situation des contractants influe sur 1) le nombre des limites imposées à la direction dans sa marge de manoeuvre et 2) la rigueur (ou la malléabilité) des restrictions contractuelles au début du contrat. Une constatation principale résulte des tests à plusieurs variables aléatoires: les emprunteurs dont le levier financier est important se voient contraints de négocier des contrats contenant à la fois des restrictions plus nombreuses et plus rigoureuses. Les contrats d'emprunt sont en quelque sorte une série de compromis rationnels. Les entreprises dont la dette est plus élevée font face à davantage de restrictions, qui sont plus limitatives et plus susceptibles de réduire la marge de manoeuvre de la direction. D'autre part, les emprunteurs sont plus enclins à accepter que leur soient imposées des restrictions plus rigoureuses et plus nombreuses, en échange de prêts plus substantiels. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent également que les entreprises plus grandes disposant de ressources plus importantes qui diminuent le risque de non†remboursement sont en mesure de négocier des ententes plus souples qui contiennent moins de restrictions. Les prêts garantis n'imposent pas beaucoup de restrictions comptables à la marge de manoeuvre de la direction, puisque les prêteurs garantis éprouvent moins la nécessité de restreindre les options de la direction. Toutefois, les contrats à long terme, parmi lesquels les prêts de compagnies d'assurance, comportent davantage de restrictions relatives aux dividendes et aux options de remboursement mais prévoient dans leurs clauses restrictives des ratios moins sévères, de faccon à assurer à la direction la souplesse qui lui est nécessaire pendant toute la durée des prêts.

Suggested Citation

  • Samir El†Gazzar & Victor Pastena, 1991. "Factors affecting the scope and initial tightness of covenant restrictions in private lending agreements," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(1), pages 132-151, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:8:y:1991:i:1:p:132-151
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1991.tb00839.x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1991.tb00839.x
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1991.tb00839.x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Daley, Lane A. & Vigeland, Robert L., 1983. "The effects of debt covenants and political costs on the choice of accounting methods : The case of accounting for R&D costs," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 195-211, April.
    2. Noreen, E, 1988. "An Empirical-Comparison Of Probit And Ols Regression Hypothesis Tests," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 119-133.
    3. Bowen, Robert M. & Noreen, Eric W. & Lacey, John M., 1981. "Determinants of the corporate decision to capitalize interest," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(2), pages 151-179, August.
    4. Duke, Joanne C. & Hunt, Herbert III, 1990. "An empirical examination of debt covenant restrictions and accounting-related debt proxies," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(1-3), pages 45-63, January.
    5. El-Gazzar, Samir & Pastena, Victor, 1990. "Negotiated accounting rules in private financial contracts," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(4), pages 381-396, March.
    6. Kalay, Avner, 1982. "Stockholder-bondholder conflict and dividend constraints," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 211-233, July.
    7. Smith, Clifford Jr. & Warner, Jerold B., 1979. "On financial contracting : An analysis of bond covenants," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 117-161, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Takuma Kochiyama & Ryosuke Nakamura & Akinobu Shuto, 2021. "How do bank lenders use borrowers’ financial statements? Evidence from a survey of Japanese banks," CARF F-Series CARF-F-522, Center for Advanced Research in Finance, Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo.
    2. Bakar, Intan Suryani Abu & Khan, Arifur & Mather, Paul & Tanewski, George, 2018. "Corporate boards and performance pricing in private debt contracts," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 144-162.
    3. Paul Mather, 1999. "Financial covenants and related contracting processes in the Australian private debt market: an experimental study," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 29-42.
    4. Armstrong, Christopher S. & Guay, Wayne R. & Weber, Joseph P., 2010. "The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 179-234, December.
    5. Dean Hanlon, 2019. "Mandatory accounting change and debt covenant violation: Additional evidence from SFAS 150," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 44(3), pages 355-387, August.
    6. Begley, Joy & Feltham, Gerald A., 1999. "An empirical examination of the relation between debt contracts and management incentives," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 229-259, April.
    7. Mark Bagnoli & Hsin-Tsai Liu & Susan Watts, 2011. "Family firms, debtholder–shareholder agency costs and the use of covenants in private debt," Annals of Finance, Springer, vol. 7(4), pages 477-509, November.
    8. Beatty, Anne & Weber, Joseph & Yu, Jeff Jiewei, 2008. "Conservatism and Debt," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(2-3), pages 154-174, August.
    9. Takuma Kochiyama & Ryosuke Nakamura, 2021. "Debt covenants in Japanese loan markets: in comparison with the traditional relationship banking," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(1), pages 305-334, March.
    10. Julien Bilodeau & Idir Cherief & Réal Labelle & Franck Missonier-Piera, 2005. "Les Caracteristiques Des Contrats De Dette Et Les Clauses Restrictives Comptables : Quels Liens ?," Post-Print halshs-00581130, HAL.
    11. Zhiming Ma & Derrald Stice & Christopher Williams, 2022. "What's my style? Supply‐side determinants of debt covenant inclusion," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(3-4), pages 461-490, March.
    12. Freudenberg, Felix & Imbierowicz, Björn & Saunders, Anthony & Steffen, Sascha, 2017. "Covenant violations and dynamic loan contracting," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 540-565.
    13. KOCHIYAMA, Takuma & NAKAMURA, Ryosuke, 2014. "Role, Structure, and Determinants of Debt Covenants: Evidence from Japan," Working Paper Series 187, Center for Japanese Business Studies (HJBS), Graduate School of Commerce and Management Hitotsubashi University.
    14. Christian Leuz, 1998. "The role of accrual accounting in restricting dividends to shareholders," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(4), pages 579-604.
    15. Alan V. S. Douglas, 2003. "Corporate Investment Incentives and Accounting†Based Debt Covenants," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(4), pages 645-683, December.
    16. Intan Suryani Abu Bakar & Arifur Khan & Paul Mather & George Tanewski, 2020. "Board monitoring and covenant restrictiveness in private debt contracts during the global financial crisis," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(S1), pages 661-692, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rã‰Al Labelle, 1990. "Bond covenants and changes in accounting policy: Canadian evidence," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 6(2), pages 677-698, March.
    2. Christian Leuz, 1998. "The role of accrual accounting in restricting dividends to shareholders," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(4), pages 579-604.
    3. Rã‰Al Labelle, 1990. "Clauses restrictives et modifications comptables: une étude canadienne," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 6(2), pages 699-723, March.
    4. Watts, Ross L., 1992. "Accounting choice theory and market-based research in accounting," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 235-267.
    5. Athanasios P. Bellas & Christos Tzovas, 2008. "The Effects of Dependency on Debt Financing On Financial Reporting Policy: The Case of Greece," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(1-2), pages 13-30.
    6. Heibatollah Sami & Mary Jeanne Welsh, 1992. "Characteristics of early and late adopters of pension accounting standard SFAS No. 87," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(1), pages 212-236, September.
    7. Thomas W. Scott, 1991. "Pension disclosures under SFAS No. 87: Theory and evidence," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(1), pages 62-81, September.
    8. Anderson, Ronald C. & Mansi, Sattar A. & Reeb, David M., 2004. "Board characteristics, accounting report integrity, and the cost of debt," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 315-342, September.
    9. Dean Hanlon, 2019. "Mandatory accounting change and debt covenant violation: Additional evidence from SFAS 150," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 44(3), pages 355-387, August.
    10. Stefan Wielenberg, 2009. "Ausschüttungsbegrenzung und liquidationsfinanzierte Ausschüttungen — wie sinnvoll ist vorsichtige Rechnungslegung?," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 61(1), pages 2-21, February.
    11. Denis Cormier & Paul André & Emmanuelle Cargnello-Charles, 2000. "Déterminants de la décision de consolider les filiales de financement : le cas de la France," Post-Print halshs-00587445, HAL.
    12. Balsam, Steven & Haw, In-Mu & Lilien, Steven B., 1995. "Mandated accounting changes and managerial discretion," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 3-29, July.
    13. KOCHIYAMA, Takuma & NAKAMURA, Ryosuke, 2014. "Role, Structure, and Determinants of Debt Covenants: Evidence from Japan," Working Paper Series 187, Center for Japanese Business Studies (HJBS), Graduate School of Commerce and Management Hitotsubashi University.
    14. Han, Bong H. & Manry, David, 2004. "The value-relevance of R&D and advertising expenditures: Evidence from Korea," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 155-173.
    15. Ningzhong Li, 2010. "Negotiated Measurement Rules in Debt Contracts," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(5), pages 1103-1144, December.
    16. MARK L. DeFOND & JAMES JIAMBALVO, 1993. "Factors Related to Auditor†Client Disagreements over Income†Increasing Accounting Methods," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(2), pages 415-431, March.
    17. Pascal Frantz, 1997. "Discretionary Accounting Choices: A Debt covenants Based Signalling Approach," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(2), pages 99-110.
    18. Paul Mather, 1999. "Financial Covenants in Australian Bank-Loan Contracts: Incidence, Measurement Rules and Monitoring," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 9(17), pages 63-72, March.
    19. Goyal, Abhinav & Muckley, Cal, 2013. "Cash dividends and investor protection in Asia," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 31-43.
    20. Hwang Hee Lee & Frederick Dongchuhl Oh, 2022. "The role of credit default swaps in determining corporate payout policy," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 51(2), pages 635-661, June.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:8:y:1991:i:1:p:132-151. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1911-3846 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.